|
|
Doc. 9388
20 March 2002
Activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Report
Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography
Rapporteur: Mr Leonid Slutsky, Russia, Socialist Group
Summary
The report takes a brief look at some of the major events which have marked the International Committee of the Red Cross' (ICRC) humanitarian work worldwide, and in particular in Europe, between 1996 and 2001. It also gives an account of the ICRC's contribution to the promotion and development of international humanitarian law.
The report strongly supports the ICRC's proposal to elaborate an additional protocol on explosive remnants of war to the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, its activities towards the establishment of an International Criminal Court, as well as the urgent need to strengthen the protection of the ICRC's and other humanitarian personnel.
The report does not try to give an exhaustive account of all the achievements of the ICRC: it focuses on main developments and tendencies.
I. Draft resolution
1. The Assembly recalls and reaffirms its Resolutions 823 (1984), 881 (1987), 921 (1989), 991 (1992), and 1085 (1996) on the activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
2. The Assembly pays tribute to the ICRC for the results of its work guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence. The Assembly highly appreciates the manner in which the ICRC accomplishes its mandate with regard to both protection and assistance in favour of victims of armed conflicts and internal disturbances. Moreover, the role of the ICRC in promoting international humanitarian law cannot be overestimated.
3. In recent years, the ICRC has been called on to provide protection and assistance to victims of an increasing number of conflicts, also in Europe. In this context, the Assembly expresses its particular gratitude to the ICRC for its efficient action on behalf of the populations affected by the conflicts in the Balkans, and in the South and North Caucasus.
4. The Assembly notes with concern the multiplication of serious security problems faced by the ICRC staff while conducting field operations. An increasing number of incidents involving the death of personnel imposes an urgent need for strengthening security measures by all parties concerned.
5. The Assembly welcomes the efforts of the ICRC in promoting a culture of tolerance, justice and peace across all civilisations, thus undermining the roots of terrorism.
6. The Assembly appreciates the efforts made by the ICRC to disseminate and develop international humanitarian law. In this context, the Assembly notes with satisfaction the ICRC's studies on the improvement of protection for the most vulnerable groups of the civilian population.
7. The Assembly expresses its appreciation to the ICRC for its important contribution to the events dedicated to the Centenary of the First International Peace Conference, 50th Anniversary of the Geneva Conventions and the 1999 International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
8. The Assembly fully supports the efforts of the ICRC in promoting ratification and national implementation of humanitarian law treaties, in particular with a view to the repression of serious violations of these rules.
9. The Assembly welcomes the ICRC's campaign during the 1990's which led to the elaboration of a Convention on the total ban of antipersonnel landmines. The Assembly supports the ICRC's proposal to elaborate a new protocol to the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons to address the global problem of explosive remnants of war.
10. The Assembly welcomes the work of the ICRC regarding the consequences for the civilian population of the widespread availability of arms and ammunition.
11. The Assembly notes with satisfaction the organisational reform underway in the ICRC, initiated by the Avenir Plan, and aimed at the improvement of the working methods by making it still more result-oriented and efficient.
12. The Assembly positively assesses the ICRC's cooperation and relations with the countries where the operations are carried out. Similarly, operational contacts with other humanitarian and relief agencies in the field are fully satisfactory.
13. The Assembly welcomes the new initiative taken by the ICRC to launch a process of reflection with a view to finding an answer to the tragedy of people unaccounted for as a result of armed conflict or internal violence.
14. The Assembly further welcomes the stepping–up of its own co-operation with the ICRC.
15. Accordingly, the Assembly invites the governments of member states and of states whose parliaments enjoy special guest or observer status with the Assembly to:
a. ratify, if they have not done so, the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on their Destruction of 1997, the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954 and its Protocols, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998, the United Nations Convention of 1980 on the Prohibitions and Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons and its Protocols, and declare the acceptance of Article 90 of the Additional Protocol I on the competence of the International Fact-Finding Commission;
b. ensure that international humanitarian law is strictly respected;
c. include provisions of international humanitarian law into national legislation;
d. include humanitarian law into military and police training as well as into formal national education policies and systems;
e. promote principles and increase knowledge of humanitarian law within their own societies;
f. cooperate with ICRC in the field and facilitate its work when necessary, including access to persons kept in custody in connection with international or internal armed conflicts;
g. respect ICRC personnel and its humanitarian actions;
h. react generously and step up financial support for the ICRC's actions in response to future appeals;
i. actively support the efforts of the ICRC in promoting ratification and national implementation of humanitarian law treaties and, in particular, support the activities of the Advisory Service of the ICRC aiming at introducing in domestic criminal law punishment of serious violations of humanitarian law and crimes that come within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court;
j. urgently pursue work in the group of governmental experts on explosive remnants of war established by the Review Conference of the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in December 2001 and promote the adoption by the end of 2002 of a negotiating mandate for a new protocol on explosive remnants of war;
k. introduce into national policies and codes of conducts on arms exports rules based on the respect of the recipient for humanitarian law, as called for by the ICRC;
l. undertake further efforts to improve knowledge about the ICRC and the role it plays, particularly if an armed conflict is underway.
II. Explanatory Memorandum by Mr Slutsky
Preamble
The ICRC activity at the turn of the 21st century takes place in an atmosphere of sufferings, caused by severe conflicts all over the world. These conflicts are characterized by lots of civilian casualties, mainly women and children, cause mass migrations of refugees and displaced persons, contribute to the development of ever more complex economies that fuels such conflicts, and to the availability of all kinds of weapons, especially small arms, which have a ruinous effect on people and societies all over the world.
The end of the Cold War changed the character of threats to peace and security and brought transition from interstate to internal conflicts that challenge not only the integrity of state frontiers but personal rights and freedoms. In the past all conflicts were fuelled by ideological differences of the bipolar world but now they are caused by ethnic and religious intolerance and political ambitions, and are often aggravated by illegal trafficking of weapons, precious stones and drugs. These conflicts threaten stability and security, bring sufferings to millions of people, and so seriously damage local and regional economy, infrastructure and environment, and their consequences will be felt for dozens of years.
Terrorism also represents a great danger for the international community. Terrorist attacks that took place last year only proved once again that terrorism doesn't recognize borders and has become an international problem the solution of which requires global efforts aimed at defending democratic values, the rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms.
In the context of endless conflicts, emergence of a new generation of conflicts, challenges and threats, and, as a result, more need for humanitarian activity to protect victims of armed conflicts, the problem of security of humanitarian personnel also becomes a priority task. Lots of tragic events, that brought deaths of people involved in humanitarian activity, took place in recent years. The work in trouble spots is always linked with danger but today we see that members of humanitarian organisations have become the victims of deliberate actions against them and targets of cold-blooded murders. Thus, in 1996 six employees of the ICRC were killed in Noviye Atagi Hospital in the Chechen Republic (the Russian Federation). Three ICRC employees died in Burundi the same year. In 2001 six employees of the ICRC were killed in the Northwest of the Democratic Republic of Congo while in Sudan an ICRC plane was shelled killing the pilot. Tragic events took place in the North of Burundi and the ICRC had to withdraw its personnel from Afghanistan last year. There were also victims among employees of other humanitarian organisations.
In this context legal and practical work of the international community, including the Council of Europe, to strengthen the security of humanitarian personnel is of special importance. The United Nations Security Council Resolution on protection of humanitarian personnel of 1997 and the ongoing work by the UN to modify the UN Convention on safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of UN personnel of 1994 are certain to improve the situation of the humanitarian personnel in general; it is however to be noted that the ICRC, to maintain its independence, decided at the time not to be covered by the 1994 Convention and this position remains unchanged. But it is time for the Parliamentary Assembly to voice its attitude towards intentional murders of representatives of humanitarian organisations and to call upon states and conflicting parties.
The present report is an attempt to illustrate the ICRC activity of 1996-2001 in different parts of the world to protect victims of armed conflicts, provide access to the imprisoned and forcibly detained persons, help in family reunification, disseminate knowledge about the IHL and contribute to its incorporation into national legislation.
The contribution by states, international organisations and civil society to the ICRC will surely help to ease the fate of tens of thousands of victims of armed conflicts who are desperately waiting for the ICRC's aid.
Specifically, one of the forms of such contribution are the debates in PACE on problems and achievements of the ICRC and political support to the ICRC by the Council of Europe.
In this context particular attentions should be paid to the ICRC document entitled "Emergency Appeals 2002" which in practice is the budget message of the operational activities of the ICRC, and defines its priorities for 2002. In addition, the ICRC also issues a "Headquarters Appeal 2002" (149.8 million Swiss Francs) which details institutional priorities and support and coordination activities required to ensure coherent and effective field operations.
According to the provisions of these documents the ICRC is planning to continue its aid to victims of conflicts and domestic violence at a global scale. The requested sum for these operations worldwide amounts to 765.8 million Swiss francs and is considerably lower than the budget of 2001 (844.7 million Swiss francs). This reduction is accounted for by a realistic evaluation of the current situation, which accounts for number of operational budget reductions (as well as increases) as compared to the previous year, and by the strategic options adopted by the ICRC.
304.1 million of Swiss francs (39.7% of the overall budget) are budgeted for Africa, 147.2 million Swiss francs (19.2%) are allocated for Europe and North America, 133.5 million Swiss francs (17.4%) are destined for Asia and Oceania, 71.1 million Swiss francs (9.3%) are for the Middle East and North Africa while 47.8 million Swiss francs (6.3%) are designated for Latin America and the Caribbeans. In addition to that 62.1 million Swiss francs or 8.1% make the emergency fund for maintaining operations.
Ten biggest items of expenditure of the budget (that altogether make 49.6% of the budget) are planned for maintaining operations in the post-conflict Afghanistan (59.1 million of Swiss francs for 4 months), the Russian Federation (53.1 million Swiss francs, mainly for the North Caucasus), Sudan (46.1 million Swiss francs), the Democratic Republic of Congo (42.3 million Swiss francs), Israel and the Occupied/Autonomous territories (35.3 million Swiss francs), Rwanda (31.4 million Swiss francs), the South Caucasus (30.8 million Swiss francs), the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (28.7 million Swiss francs), Columbia (27 million Swiss francs) and Somalia (25.8 million Swiss francs).
"Emergency Appeals 2002" are aimed at attracting financial as well as political support of the international community in the domain of implementation of the ICRC operational objectives to provide aid to victims of conflicts worldwide. The objectives and the required financial means reflect a very realistic assessment of the humanitarian situation and expenditures in this context. Council of Europe member states and other countries are called upon to intensify political and financial support to the Committee and to properly answer the ICRC emergency appeals for 2002.
1. Introduction
1. The Parliamentary Assembly, and in particular its Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography has been following the activities of the ICRC for a long time, and the co-operation between the two organisations is a long-standing one. In 1995, an exchange of letters between respective Presidents established new rules for this co-operation, like, inter alia, exchange of information and documents, preparation of joint conferences and seminars, representation at meetings etc.
2. Within the framework of this cooperation, an ICRC representative regularly attends the Committee's meetings as an observer and keeps its members up to date on ICRC activities. At regular intervals, the Committee is invited to ICRC Headquarters in Geneva with a view to exchanging views and information, and to keep all the members of the Committee well acquainted with the ICRC's activities. The Rapporteurs of the Committee have the benefit of ICRC experience and information both in preparing their reports and for hearings and conferences.
3. For its part, the Parliamentary Assembly has supported a number of ICRC campaigns adopting recommendations on the campaign against landmines and blinding laser weapons1, and on the campaign for the observation of the international humanitarian law.2
4. The present report stems from a standing mandate which instructs the Committee to report on the activities of some international organisations operating in the field of migrations and refugees. The last report on the subject was prepared by Mr Billing (Sweden, EDG) in 19963. The Parliamentary Assembly adopted a Resolution on the activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1992-95 on 24 April 19964.
5. In the preparation of the present report, the Rapporteur held a number of meetings in the ICRC headquarters in Geneva, including a meeting with Mr Kellenberger, the President of the ICRC and other officials. The Rapporteur would like to use this opportunity to thank the ICRC for the invaluable aid to writing this report, as well as, more generally, for the positive cooperation with the Assembly and particularly with its Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography.
2. Legal framework for ICRC activities
6. Established in 1863, the ICRC is a neutral and independent organisation whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflicts and internal disturbances and to provide them with assistance. It directs and coordinates the international relief assistance conducted by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and it promotes and contributes to the development of humanitarian law.
7. During international or internal armed conflicts, the ICRC founds its action on the four Geneva Conventions (1949), two Additional Protocols (1977) and the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which recognize its right to conduct certain activities such as:
– bringing relief to wounded, sick or shipwrecked military personnel;
– visiting prisoners of war and detained persons;
– restoring family links;
– undertaking relief operations for the civilian population;
– ensuring that protected persons are treated according to the humanitarian law.
8. In violent situations not covered by humanitarian law – for example internal disturbances – the ICRC bases its action on the Statutes of the Movement which grant it a right of initiative in humanitarian matters. It may offer its services in any situation which requires the presence of a specifically neutral and independent intermediary.
9. Its mandate enables it to take up issues with States and parties to conflict by opening delegations, dispatching delegates and maintaining the dialogue with all parties to the conflict.
10. The status of the ICRC in most States where it carries out its activities is determined by agreements between the State and the ICRC. The ICRC has concluded such agreements with nearly 70 States. These agreements are international treaties subject to international law. They recognize the ICRC as an international legal entity entitled to the same privileges and immunities enjoyed by international organizations. These include immunity from legal process; inviolability of its premises, archives and other property and documents; and exemption from taxes and customs duties. Likewise, ICRC delegates enjoy privileges and immunities similar to those of officials of intergovernmental organizations. Such privileges and immunities are indispensable for the ICRC because they guarantee two conditions essential to its action, namely neutrality and independence. Thus, the ICRC is exempt from giving evidence on matters pertaining to its official functions.
11. Although the ICRC is non-governmental by nature and membership, it possesses a legally recognized mandate from the international community to protect and assist the victims of armed conflict and to promote and contribute to develop humanitarian law. It is thus a sui generis entity, standing apart from States, international or intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations.
12. Under the existing rules of humanitarian law the ICRC, recognized as a unique international legal entity, has a number of powers it can resort to in case of armed conflict.
13. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is composed of the ICRC, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, as well as recognised national societies of the Red Cross or Red Crescent.
14. In accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution 45/6 of 16 October 1990 the ICRC was granted the status of UN observer.
15. The principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence, to which the ICRC adheres in its activities, contribute in an essential way to its efficiency.
16. In 1998, the ICRC adopted the Plan of Action of the Avenir project concerning the future activities of the Organisation. The Plan provides for the following strategies:
– bringing humanitarian action close to the victims, looking to the long term and establishing priorities;
– strengthening dialogue with all players;
– restoring independent humanitarian action, knowledge of and respect for humanitarian law;
– increasing the ICRC's efficiency.
3. Main areas of ICRC activities
a. Protection of civilian population, including refugees and internally displaced persons
17. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols of 1977 stipulate specific rules for the protection of civilians and civilian property. By protection is meant the measures taken to prevent, as far as possible, loss and damage as a result of fighting.
18. The ICRC has a twofold approach in its work to protect the civilian population: first, by gathering information in the field and informing military and civilian authorities or opposition leaders of unlawful acts committed against the civilian population and making recommendations where appropriate, and secondly, in case of emergency, by evacuating particularly vulnerable individuals from a dangerous area, reuniting separated family members, arranging for the exchange of family messages, and providing medical supplies and food for starving communities.
b. Visiting people deprived of their freedom
19. The categories of people protected include prisoners of war, civilian internees, and, in the event of territorial occupation, persons suspected or accused of committing acts hostile to the occupying power.
20. The States party to the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 on prisoners of war and to the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the protection of civilians in wartime have formally undertaken to allow ICRC delegates to visit the aforesaid persons.
21. The main purpose of ICRC visits is to ask the authorities to take any steps deemed necessary to improve the detainees' treatment. In case of emergency, the ICRC provides the inmates with medicines, clothing, toilet articles and food. Furthermore, the ICRC objectives are: to prevent or put a stop to disappearances and extra-judicial killings, torture and ill treatment, and to restore contacts between detainees and their families.
22. All ICRC visits follow a standard procedure and take place only if certain conditions are fulfilled including permission to hold private conversations with detainees.
c. Family reunification
23. To restore family links between people affected by armed conflicts, the ICRC cooperates with over 160 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies all over the world. Restoring family links means enabling members of families to re-establish contacts, collecting information about people who are detained or have died because of the conflict, organizing family reunifications and repatriations, taking steps to persons unaccounted for, issuing travel documents.
24. The means vary from one emergency context to another, depending on the prevailing political and military situation, existing needs and available resources, and include Red Cross mobile phones, local and international radio networks, newspapers, notice boards, Family Links web site on internet and Red Cross messages. These means aim at simple, highly efficient and relatively inexpensive communication that do not require any follow-up involving data processing.
25. Notwithstanding the ICRC strong investment and the legal obligations of parties to a conflict, the ICRC experienced major obstacles to obtain information on the dead because of a conflict as well as replies on the fate of persons unaccounted for. To respect the right of families to know about the fate of their relatives, States should support all ICRC initiatives in this domain.
d. Health and relief
26. The primary aim of ICRC assistance operations is to protect the victims' lives and health, to ease their plight, to reduce dependence on outside aid and enable victims to regain an adequate standard of living. ICRC action very often necessitates a multifaceted strategy to respond to the many varying needs which arise and which differ according to the particular region or crisis.
27. Assistance may include the supply of food, shelter and medicines, but wherever possible it builds in the support of local capacities providing essential services to communities. This may require the construction or repair of water supply systems or medical facilities, the training of primary health care staff and surgeons or orthopaedic technicians etc.
e. International humanitarian law
28. The ICRC has been the driving force behind the development of humanitarian law, and its mandate obliges it to oversee its implementation and promotion and to strengthen the institutional and operational capacities of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in this field.
29. The ICRC's strategy is to make the humanitarian law recognized and included in national legislation, and among other to ensure that the serious violations are prosecuted. It also seeks to contribute to developing the law further, raise awareness of humanitarian consequences of the use of certain weapons, raise awareness of the problem of child recruitment and participation in combat.
30. The ICRC's activities in this field include influencing states to make humanitarian law part of military and police training as well as to incorporate humanitarian principles and international humanitarian law into education programmes for youth and university students, elaborating programmes for instruction and youth education, as well as didactic support material, training instructors, dissemination of information, organising conferences, seminars etc.
4. ICRC field activities
31. Despite the very complex environment of current conflicts, often of an internal nature with links to criminal and/or terrorist networks and with a sad increase in the suffering of the civilian population, recent results of the ICRC's work can be considered as efficient. ICRC has ensured its continuous presence in 65 countries and has carried out its operations in 80 countries. Its permanent delegations are distributed in different regions: 75 in Africa, 28 in the Americas, 46 in Europe/Central Asia; 51 in Asia and 16 in the Middle East.
32. ICRC staff amounted to 11 877 people in 2000 (including 826 headquarters personnel and 11 051 operational staff).
33. The ICRC distributed almost 200 000 tons of humanitarian goods, worth 194 700 000 Swiss Francs, in 72 countries in the year 2000 alone, and ICRC missions visited 220 000 detainees in 1600 detention centres (January to October 2001). It provided medical and other assistance for a value of 12 700 000 Swiss Francs to detainees and their families.
34. Within the context of family reunification activities, in 2001, the ICRC sent nearly 630 000 letters from persons separated from their next of kin due to displacement or detention. Its action helped reunite 1 264 families. In addition, the ICRC is striving to find relevant information on a total of 34 338 persons reported missing to its delegations worldwide.
35. As to the restoration of health system and environment, the ICRC implemented special programmes in 41 countries. Moreover, it distributed medicines in 53 countries worth 19.5 million Swiss Francs, and ICRC medical teams worked in 20 hospitals in Asia and Africa thus providing timely medical care to over 300 000 patients.
36. Among the main challenges the ICRC is facing world-wide are access to the victims and management of security; to remain and to be perceived as independent, impartial and neutral actor; the efficient cooperation with other actors while maintaining a clear independent identity; the clear positioning in relation to an increasing number of actors and the activities in the fields of prevention – rehabilitation – development; mobilise States and organisations to ensure implementation and respect for international humanitarian law.
37. More than half of the operations of the ICRC are carried out in the African continent. They have been focused primarily on Liberia, Sierra Leone, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan.
38. Europe is the second region as far as the scale of ICRC operations is concerned. During the period covered by the present report, the activities took place in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the “former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, Russia and Ukraine.
39. In Asia, the ICRC efforts are concentrated mainly in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, East Timor, Myanmar, India, Uzbekistan, Indonesia and the Philippines. The Rapporteur would like to stress the importance of ICRC operations in and around Afghanistan and its role in protecting the civilian population against the consequences of the armed conflict in the country.
40. In Latin America, the ICRC continues to focus on Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Guatemala.
41. In the Middle East, the ICRC is present and active in Israel and the occupied and autonomous territories, as well as in the surrounding countries, Iraq, Iran, the Gulf states and the Maghreb. The dramatic deterioration of Israeli-Palestinian relations and particularly the surge of violence made the ICRC's presence more desirable than ever. It has been able to visit detainees and prisoners on both sides and is continuously promoting the respect for humanitarian law principles.
42. The security of its personnel is one of the serious problems faced by the ICRC while conducting field operations. For example, three representatives of the ICRC were killed in Burundi in June 1996, six in Russia in December 1996, six in the Demographic Republic of Congo in April 2001, and in May 2001 an ICRC plane was shot at in Sudan. Also in other regions of the world, ICRC staff has been victims of tragic events.
43. In this context there is an urgent need for the Assembly to call upon those taking part in armed conflict and internal violence to respect impartial humanitarian work of the ICRC and refrain from attacking its personnel.
44. The Rapporteur positively assesses ICRC's cooperation and relations with authorities of the countries where the operations are carried out. From what he has been able to see in his own country, a good example of such cooperation are contacts between the President of ICRC, Mr Kellenberger, and President Putin of Russia, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, leaders of other executive bodies of Russia and representatives of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
45. In recent years the ICRC leadership has paid special attention to the improvement of the ICRC's modus operandi by making it result-oriented. This has brought about a higher quality of humanitarian operations planning and, as a consequence, a more efficient use of material and financial resources. Field operations are now conducted under the continuous monitoring of the ICRC's headquarters and in close interaction with all the ICRC units. Drawing from the Balkan experience, the ICRC prepared recommendations to improve the planning of institutional and logistics methods, ways to interact with national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the international community. These efforts are without any doubt supported by the member States of the Council of Europe.
a. Balkans
46. In Albania, the activities of the ICRC have slowed down due to the return of 465 000 refugees to Kosovo. However, serious attention is given to improving detention conditions, "anti-mine" programmes and the search for missing people.
47. Acting in coordination with the government of Albania, the ICRC contributed to the search for financial resources needed for early demining of the borders with Kosovo and to the launching of a programme for rehabilitation of the disabled.
48. The activities of the ICRC in Kosovo and in Serbia and Montenegro (the FRY) is a typical example of its positive efforts in alleviating the state of the victims of armed conflicts.
49. The major efforts here have been focussed on searching for persons who disappeared during the conflict and reuniting families. To this aim the ICRC has issued and published through the Internet a list containing the names of several thousand people searched for by their relatives.
50. The ICRC also devoted particular attention to humanitarian aid, distribution of food, potable water and essential goods, as well as to medical assistance (the ICRC's aid and assistance reached in different forms almost 600 000 persons).
51. Furthermore, the ICRC has carried out a large-scale mine-awareness programme in Kosovo. To this end it has gathered information on mined areas, developed a special anti-mine course for students and trained 150 trainers on mine danger. According to the information available to the ICRC, more than 300 demining operations have been carried out.
52. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ICRC focuses mainly on searching for missing people, overcoming the dangers of unexploded mines (over one million units) and restoring the infrastructure, in particular in the health sector.
53. The ICRC believes that psychological rehabilitation of families that have lost their relatives (or whose relatives are unaccounted for) is an important component of its activities.
54. The ICRC believes that in Bosnia and Herzegovina training of national specialists is a key factor in restoring the health system. In this context, the ICRC organises courses to upgrade the skills of medical staff on the basis of the recommendations of the World Health Organization.
55. In "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", the ICRC's efforts have been concentrated on assisting refugees from Kosovo in 1999, and in 2001 on responding to the needs of people affected by the armed conflict in FYROM, uniting members of families separated as a result of armed conflicts and implementing the rules of international humanitarian law.
56. The ICRC has created an extensive database on those people unaccounted for as a result of the conflict in Kosovo (missing persons in Kosovo).
57. In cooperation with the Macedonian Red Cross, the ICRC has distributed food and essentials to some 80 000 persons affected by the conflict (mostly IDPs) and implemented a three-year programme for the promotion of universal human rights in order to improve interethnic relations, in particular among the youth.
b. South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia)
58. The ICRC's main objectives were to identify missing individuals, meet public health needs, and support agriculture production of the country.
59. The ICRC focused its attention primarily on vulnerable groups (women, children, the elderly), as well as on those detained in connection with the events of Nagorno Karabakh.
60. The ICRC concentrated its main efforts on assisting the restoration of life support systems, including health care, and contributed to the incorporation of norms of international humanitarian law in the legislation of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia and in training handbooks for the police and the military.
61. The ICRC visited persons arrested in relation with the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. Lack of access to prisoners was one of the ICRC problems in Nagorno Karabakh, whereas there were no such difficulties in Armenia.
62. The ICRC had deployed substantial efforts in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia for prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among prisoners. In addition, the ICRC has assisted in detection and treatment of the most common childhood diseases in Nagorno Karabakh.
63. The mine-awareness programme of the ICRC implemented in the region was a success. Local authorities, mass media and population viewed positively the ICRC initiatives in this field, and this action contributed substantially to speed up demining and elimination of unexploded ammunition.
64. The need for humanitarian aid in Georgia has been increasing due to the persisting economical difficulties in a still unstable situation as well as to the absence of involvement of other international organisations. The ICRC working conditions in Georgia continued to be of concern.
65. The ICRC has actively promoted the reestablishment of contacts between the Abkhaz people and their relatives in Georgia and other CIS states.
66. The ICRC, in cooperation with UNHCR and other international agencies, has provided assistance to Chechen refugees, in particular in terms of medicine, sanitation and water supply.
67. In Abkhazia, the ICRC has carried out its targeted programmes of supplies for the most disadvantage groups of the population such as the elderly, the disabled, orphans and families with many children.
68. The ICRC has contributed to establishing a system of safe blood transfusion in Abkhazia and Zugdidi by rehabilitating buildings, training the staff and providing the equipment.
69. The ICRC has continued its activities aimed at the promotion of international humanitarian law standards in schools and among law enforcement officials, as well as at progressively introducing humanitarian law into the course curricula in universities in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
c. North Caucasus (Chechnya)
70. As to the activities of the ICRC in Russia, the Rapporteur can testify that Russia has been satisfied with the level of co-operation with the ICRC and highly appreciates its humanitarian operations in the Russian territory. The humanitarian actions of the ICRC (the humanitarian aid in 2001 amounted to US$ 2 500 000) have well complemented the aid provided to the forcibly displaced persons in connection with their difficult situation in northern Caucasus.
71. The activities of the ICRC in Chechnya are focused on the protection of those detained in the republic. The representatives of the ICRC, closely interacting with the competent Russian authorities, visit detained persons.
72. Most ICRC's efforts are aimed at providing aid to Chechen civilians who have been displaced to the neighbouring regions – Daghestan, Ingushetia and the Stavropolsky Region.
73. The ICRC provides humanitarian assistance to more than 30 000 people in Chechnya. Besides, water is supplied to almost 40 000 Chechen refugees in Ingushetia, food and essentials to over 150 000 people in Ingushetia, Daghestan and other areas in the South of Russia.
74. Special attention is being paid to the mine-awareness programme in Chechnya through implementation of puppet shows and signally of dangerous areas with billboards.
75. It will be recommended that ICRC keep the current level of humanitarian assistance until the situation in Chechnya and the region is finally stabilised, and the refugee problems solved.
76. The ICRC will continue to assist according to their needs those IDPs who voluntarily return to Chechnya.
77. The Rapporteur has been a witness of its own country appreciation of the fruitful and confidential nature of cooperation with the ICRC, in full respect of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Fundamental Principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence.
5. Raising awareness about international humanitarian law and its implementation
78. The efforts of the ICRC and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in assisting the states to comply with their international humanitarian law commitments, by holding and participating in international and national seminars, conferences, preparing and distributing publications and recommendations, etc. should be highly appreciated.
79. ICRC-sponsored events aimed at spreading knowledge about international humanitarian law are routinely held throughout Europe as well as in the rest of the world. In 2000, for instance, Russia, India and Spain hosted regional conferences on international humanitarian law and its implementation.
80. The ICRC played an important role in the preparation and organisation of the Conference on the Centenary of the First Peace Conference, the 50th Anniversary of the Geneva Conventions, and the 1999 International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent to consolidate the set of rules of international humanitarian law and protect victims of armed conflicts.
81. The ICRC is paying a particular attention to the raising of awareness of International Humanitarian Law among members of parliament. For that purpose, the ICRC, together with the Inter-Parliamentary Union, published a Handbook for Parliamentarians "Respect for International Humanitarian Law", now available in more than 10 languages. The Handbook aims to help Parliaments and their members to familiarize themselves with the general principles of humanitarian law and to learn how they are implemented.
82. The ICRC plays an important role in the progressive development of international humanitarian law and its studies on the improvement of protection for the most vulnerable groups (children, elderly people, etc.) and those who may be made particularly vulnerable (women) during armed conflicts should be given utmost attention. Concerning children, a particular attention should be given to the respect of humanitarian law prohibiting the recruitment of children under 15 year old and to demobilization and rehabilitation programmes.
83. Last October, the ICRC launched the publication "Women facing War", its study on the impact of armed conflicts on women. It is aimed at drawing attention to the negative effects of armed conflicts on women. This book highlights the specific needs of women affected by armed conflict and examines international humanitarian law, human rights and refugees law in order to assess the degree to which they provide protection for women. An overall picture of ICRC operational response to the needs of women affected by armed conflict is also included as an assessment of the steps that the ICRC can take to try to maximise the protection afforded by law to women in situations of armed conflict. This study is complemented by a series of eleven short films providing key messages in relation to the protection of women in situations of armed conflict.
84. A study on customary law norms in the context of international humanitarian law is being finalised (to be published in 2002). This study, conducted over a 5-year period, will analyse the existing norms of customary law and states' practices. It will be of special importance for states which have not ratified the Additional Protocols and for non-international armed conflicts which are regulated just by a few existing treaty norms.
85. The ICRC “Exploring Humanitarian Law” education programme for youth was finalized and distributed worldwide in 2001. Efforts to implement the programme and to gradually integrate locally adapted modules into the official curricula are being carried out in 58 countries, in close cooperation with the Ministries of Education, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and specialised organisations.
86. The efforts of the Advisory Service of the ICRC in promoting ratification and national implementation of humanitarian law treaties should be highlighted. In particular, support should be expressed to activities assisting States in ensuring that their criminal law provides for punishment of serious violations of humanitarian law and crimes that come within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICRC currently collects national legislation on the punishment for war crimes which is introduced in a national legislation database. It also worked out recommendations for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts (Meeting of Experts in Geneva, October 2000), and held a Forum of European National Committees on International Humanitarian Law (Budapest, February, 2001).
87. The ICRC supports the efforts made towards the establishment of an International Criminal Court. In 2000, the ICRC prepared an extensive study on national and international case practice on military crimes which greatly contributed to the clarification of corpus delicti of crimes under the ICC jurisdiction.
88. The ICRC has greatly contributed to the international campaign aimed at the banning of antipersonnel landmines.
89. In September 2000, the ICRC launched an initiative aimed at preventing and reducing post-conflict death and injury caused by explosive remnants of war. Specifically, it called on States to consider the adoption of a new protocol to the UN Convention on Conventional Weapons which would address this issue. As a result of the ICRC initiative, States Parties to the CCW established in December 2001 a governmental group of experts to begin work on the issue including a consideration of a possible new protocol.
6. Relations between the ICRC and other organisations
90. The scope and complexity of humanitarian needs in the situation of an armed conflict calls for a correspondingly multifaceted response and the active involvement of many organisations which possess the necessary expertise and operational capacity within their field of activity. Therefore effective institutional cooperation is a necessary precondition for a successful solution.
91. The ICRC, as one of the major humanitarian agencies worldwide, remains fully committed to such cooperation. Together with its partners within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the ICRC endeavours to promote an overall solution to the question of the emblems, notably by proposing the adoption by the Sates Party to the Geneva Conventions of an Additional Protocol introducing a new additional protective emblem.
92. As for cooperation with United Nations agencies, the ICRC actively participates in the work of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, where it has the status of a standing invitee (while it enjoys that of an observer in the United Nations General Assembly).
93. The ICRC also enjoys a privileged relationship with several individual organisations, programmes and funds, with which it maintains a sustained dialogue through day-to-day contacts, and also in a more structured framework, such as annual high-level meetings at the senior management level.
94. With regard to cooperation with the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their International Federation, it must be noted that a concluded agreement provides clear and detailed guidance on the organisation of international activities. This agreement seeks to provide the best possible response to humanitarian needs that may arise in different contexts, by drawing on the specific mandates and comparative advantages of each, and outlining responsibilities for the direction and cooperation of relief operations in different situations.
95. Common goals shared by the ICRC and the Council of Europe, particularly in protection of human rights and freedoms, are a firm basis for the future fruitful interaction between these institutions.
96. The co-operation with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe is a good example of mutual benefits resulting from shared information, experience and political support.
7. Conclusions
97. The Assembly should pay tribute to the ICRC for the work which it does, as a neutral intermediary, for the victims of armed conflicts, disturbances and internal tensions.
98. The Assembly should fully support the 1998 Plan of Action aiming at the better result-oriented and more efficient action.
99. The Assembly should call on the member states to be more generous in response to future appeals for the financing of humanitarian actions.
100. The ICRC experience in conflict areas leads to the conclusion that its work for the protection of victims of armed conflicts can be most effective when the parties to a conflict are aware of and respect the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems. In this context, all the States should be requested to undertake further efforts to improve knowledge about the ICRC and the role it plays, particularly during armed conflicts.
101. Information about the ICRC's activities should be spread not only among the potential combatants but also among the entire population and bodies responsible for the protection of human rights, including government bodies, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations.
102. Spreading knowledge on humanitarian law is primarily the responsibility of States and the ICRC can assist them in this task.
103. The ICRC insists on the inclusion of humanitarian law in instruction programmes within military and police training and encourages states to incorporate humanitarian principles and humanitarian law into the curricula for both school children and university students.
104. Efforts of the ICRC and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to assist States in complying with their international humanitarian law commitments, including by hosting or participating in international and national seminars and conferences, preparing and distributing publications and recommendations, etc. should be given a positive assessment.
105. The States should support the ICRC's efforts in promoting ratification and national implementation of the obligations arising from humanitarian law treaties.
106. The States and all parties to a conflict should respect ICRC personnel and its humanitarian actions.
Reporting committee: Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography.
Reference to committee: standing mandate
Draft resolution unanimously adopted by the committee on 8 March 2002.
Members of the committee: Mr Iwiński (Chairperson), Mr Einarsson (1st Vice-Chairperson), Mrs Vermot-Mangold (2nd Vice-Chairperson), Mrs Bušić (3rd Vice-Chairperson), Mrs Aguiar, MM. Akhvlediani, Aliyev G., Mrs van Ardenne-van der Hoeven, MM. de Arístegui (alternate: Agramunt), Arzilli, Bernik, Mrs Björnemalm, MM. Van den Brande, Branger, Brînzan, Brunhart, Christodoulides, Cilevičs, Connor, Danieli, Debarge, Dedja, Díaz de Mera, Dmitrijevas, Ehrmann, Mrs Err, Mrs Fehr (alternate: Mr Gross), Mrs Frimannsdóttir, MM. Grzesik, Grzyb, Hancock, Hordies, Hovhannisyan, Ilaşcu, Ivanov, Jařab, Lord Judd, MM. Karpov, Kirilov, Kolb, Koulouris, Kulikov, Kvakkestad, Laakso, Le Guen, Liapis, Mrs Lörcher, MM. Loutfi, Luís, Mrs Markovska, MM. Mutman, Naro (alternate: Rivolta), Nessa, Oliynyk, Mrs Onur, MM. Ouzký, Popa, Prijmireanu, Pullicino Orlando, Rogozin, Saglam, von Schmude, Schweitzer, Mrs Shakhtakhtinskaya, MM. Slutsky, Soendergaard, Mrs Stoisits, MM. Szinyei, Tabajdi, Telek, Tkáč, Udovenko, Wilkinson, Wray (alternate: Ms McCafferty), Yáñez-Barnuevo, Zavgayev, Mrs de Zulueta, Mrs Zwerver.
N.B. The names of those members present at the meeting are printed in italics.
Secretariat of the committee: Mr Lervik, Mrs Nachilo, Ms Sirtori.
APPENDIX 1
MAIN TREATIES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
PARTICIPATION
AS OF 31 DECEMBER 2001
GC I-IV 1949 Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea.
Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
AP I 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
AP I Art. 90 Declaration provided for under Article 90 of Protocol I 1977 (prior acceptance of the competence of the International Fact-Finding Commission).
AP II 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
CCW & P I, II, III 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to
Have Indiscriminate Effects and its three 1980 Protocols. Geneva, 10 October 1980.
Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I). Geneva, 10 October 1980.
Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II). Geneva, 10 October 1980.
Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III). Geneva, 10 October 1980.
CCW Am. P II 1996 Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II to the 1980
Convention as amended on 3 May 1996).
CCW P IV 1995 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV to the 1980 Convention), 13 October 1995.
Cultural Prop. Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague, 14 May 1954.
Conv. & Prot. 1954 Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague, 14 May 1954.
Cultural Prop. P II 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict .
The Hague, 26 March 1999 (not yet in force).
AP Mines 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction,
18 September 1997.
ICC 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998 (not yet in force).
Legend:
The dates indicated are those on which the Depositary received the official instrument from the State that was ratifying, acceding to or succeeding to the treaty. They represent neither the date on which ratification, accession, succession was decided upon by the State concerned nor that on which the corresponding instrument was sent to the Depositary.
* the states that have applied for joining the Council of Europe.
** the states that have an observer status in the Council of Europe.
*** the Knesset of Israel has an observer status in the Council of Europe.
s Signature of a treaty not followed by ratification.
Note:
CCW 1980: Estonia, Lithuania and Monaco are not a party to Protocol II; France, Monaco and the United States are not a party to Protocol III.
Cultural Property 1954: Canada, Estonia and Portugal are not a party to the 1954 Protocol.
|
GC I-IV |
AP I |
AP I |
AP II |
CCW |
CCW |
CCW |
Cultural Prop. |
Cultural Prop. |
AP Mines |
ICC |
|
|
|
Art. 90 |
|
P I, II, III |
Am. P II |
P IV |
Conv. & Prot. |
P II (not in force) |
|
(not in force) |
|
1949 |
1977 |
|
1977 |
1980 |
1996 |
1995 |
1954 |
1999 |
1997 |
1998 |
Albania |
1957 |
1993 |
|
1993 |
|
|
|
1960 |
s |
2000 |
s |
Andorra |
1993 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
s |
|
1998 |
2001 |
Armenia |
1993 |
1993 |
|
1993 |
|
|
|
1993 |
|
|
|
Austria |
1953 |
1982 |
1982 |
1982 |
1983 |
1998 |
1998 |
1964 |
s |
1998 |
2000 |
Azerbaijan |
1993 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1993 |
|
|
|
Belarus * |
1954 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1982 |
|
|
1957 |
2000 |
|
|
Belgium |
1952 |
1986 |
1987 |
1986 |
1995 |
1999 |
1999 |
1960 |
s |
1998 |
2000 |
Bosnia Herzégovina* |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1993 |
2000 |
2001 |
1993 |
|
1998 |
s |
Bulgaria |
1954 |
1989 |
1994 |
1989 |
1982 |
1998 |
1998 |
1956 |
2000 |
1998 |
s |
Canada** |
1965 |
1990 |
1990 |
1990 |
1994 |
1998 |
1998 |
1998 |
|
1997 |
2000 |
Croatia |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
|
1992 |
s |
1998 |
2001 |
Cyprus |
1962 |
1979 |
|
1996 |
1998 |
|
|
1964 |
2001 |
s |
|
Czech Republic |
1993 |
1993 |
1995 |
1993 |
1993 |
1998 |
1998 |
1993 |
|
1999 |
s |
Denmark |
1951 |
1982 |
1982 |
1982 |
1982 |
1997 |
1997 |
s |
|
1998 |
2001 |
Estonia |
1993 |
1993 |
|
1993 |
2000 |
2000 |
2000 |
1995 |
s |
|
|
Finland |
1955 |
1980 |
1980 |
1980 |
1982 |
1998 |
1996 |
1994 |
s |
|
2000 |
France |
1951 |
|
|
1984 |
1988 |
1998 |
1998 |
1957 |
|
1998 |
2000 |
Georgia |
1993 |
1993 |
|
1993 |
1996 |
|
|
1992 |
|
|
s |
Germany |
1954 |
1991 |
1991 |
1991 |
1992 |
1997 |
1997 |
1967 |
s |
1998 |
2000 |
Greece |
1956 |
1989 |
1998 |
1989 |
1992 |
1999 |
1997 |
1981 |
s |
s |
s |
Hungary |
1954 |
1989 |
1991 |
1989 |
1982 |
1998 |
1998 |
1956 |
s |
1998 |
2001 |
Iceland |
1965 |
1987 |
1987 |
1987 |
s |
|
|
|
|
1999 |
2000 |
Ireland |
1962 |
1999 |
1999 |
1999 |
1995 |
1997 |
1997 |
s |
|
1997 |
s |
Israel*** |
1951 |
|
|
|
1995 |
2000 |
2000 |
1957 |
|
|
s |
Italia |
1951 |
1986 |
1986 |
1986 |
1995 |
1999 |
1999 |
1958 |
s |
1999 |
1999 |
Japan** |
1953 |
|
|
|
1982 |
1997 |
1997 |
s |
|
1998 |
|
Latvia |
1991 |
1991 |
|
1991 |
1993 |
|
1998 |
|
|
|
s |
Liechtenstein |
1950 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1997 |
1997 |
1960 |
|
1999 |
2001 |
Lithuania |
1996 |
2000 |
2000 |
2000 |
1998 |
1998 |
1998 |
1998 |
|
s |
s |
Luxembourg |
1953 |
1989 |
1993 |
1989 |
1996 |
1999 |
1999 |
1961 |
s |
1999 |
2000 |
Macedonia |
1993 |
1993 |
1993 |
1993 |
1996 |
|
|
1997 |
s |
1998 |
|
Malta |
1968 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1995 |
|
|
|
|
2001 |
s |
Mexico** |
1952 |
1983 |
|
|
1982 |
|
|
1956 |
|
1998 |
s |
Moldova |
1993 |
1993 |
|
1993 |
2000 |
2001 |
2000 |
1999 |
|
2000 |
s |
Monaco* |
1950 |
2000 |
|
2000 |
1997 |
1997 |
|
|
|
1998 |
s |
Netherlands |
1954 |
1987 |
1987 |
1987 |
1987 |
1999 |
1999 |
1958 |
s |
1999 |
1998 |
Norway |
1951 |
1981 |
1981 |
1981 |
1983 |
1998 |
1998 |
1961 |
|
1998 |
1998 |
Poland |
1954 |
1991 |
1992 |
1991 |
1983 |
|
|
1956 |
|
|
1999 |
Portugal |
1961 |
1992 |
1994 |
1992 |
1997 |
1999 |
|
2000 |
|
1999 |
1998 |
Romania |
1954 |
1990 |
1995 |
1990 |
1995 |
|
|
1958 |
s |
s |
s |
Russian Federation |
1954 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1982 |
|
1999 |
1957 |
|
|
s |
San Marino |
1953 |
1994 |
|
1994 |
|
|
|
1956 |
|
1998 |
1999 |
Slovakia |
1993 |
1993 |
1995 |
1993 |
1993 |
1999 |
1999 |
1993 |
s |
1999 |
s |
Slovenia |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
|
|
1992 |
|
1998 |
2001 |
Spain |
1952 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1993 |
1998 |
1998 |
1960 |
2001 |
1999 |
2000 |
Sweden |
1953 |
1979 |
1979 |
1979 |
1982 |
1997 |
1997 |
1985 |
s |
1998 |
2001 |
Switzerland |
1950 |
1982 |
1982 |
1982 |
1982 |
1998 |
1998 |
1962 |
s |
1998 |
2001 |
Turkey |
1954 |
|
|
|
s |
|
|
1965 |
|
|
|
Ukraine |
1954 |
1990 |
1990 |
1990 |
1982 |
1999 |
|
1957 |
|
s |
s |
United Kingdom |
1957 |
1998 |
1999 |
1998 |
1995 |
1999 |
1999 |
s |
|
1998 |
1998 |
United States** |
1955 |
s |
|
s |
1995 |
1999 |
|
s |
|
|
s |
Yugoslavia |
2001 |
2001 |
2001 |
2001 |
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
2001 |
APPENDIX 2
AMOUNTS OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ICRC BY THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE MEMBER STATES AND STATES WITH AN OBSERVER STATUS IN THE PACE
IN THE PERIOD FROM 1996 TO 2000
(in Swiss Francs)
Name of the State |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
Albania |
|||||
Andorra |
20,350 |
25,000 |
53,450 |
||
Armenia |
12,500 |
||||
Austria |
1,791,027 |
2,901,361 |
1,899,830 |
2,610,691 |
1,641,834 |
Azerbaijan |
|||||
Belarus* |
|||||
Belgium |
13,412,531 |
5,387,869 |
8,366,788 |
4,350,539 |
6,048,726 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina* |
|||||
Bulgaria |
20,000 |
25,000 |
25,000 | ||
Canada** |
17,006,760 |
17,555,588 |
25,137,094 |
22,418,692 | |
Croatia |
|||||
Cyprus |
60,000 |
70,000 |
75,488 |
110,315 |
80,000 |
Czech Republic |
65,000 |
77,000 |
124,600 |
205,791 |
107,513 |
Denmark |
15,168,226 |
11,485,432 |
14,554,821 |
13,196,397 |
13,903,815 |
Estonia |
25,607 |
30,724 | |||
Finland |
7,471,576 |
6,566,467 |
6,090,606 |
9,227,573 |
6,529,341 |
France |
7,662,000 |
7,626,720 |
7,472,685 |
9,823,076 |
8,164,231 |
Georgia |
|||||
Germany |
9,265,803 |
9,890,908 |
11,988,811 |
16,473,492 |
13,786,865 |
Greece |
270,000 |
300,000 |
300,000 |
350,000 |
350,000 |
Hungary |
35,000 |
35,000 |
40,000 |
65,900 |
67,437 |
Iceland |
25,000 |
90,000 |
50,000 |
131,556 |
99,964 |
Ireland |
2,178,301 |
1,352,425 |
1,692,811 |
2,638,331 |
3,854,077 |
Israel *** |
96,800 |
106,400 |
159,680 |
137,200 |
174,570 |
Italy |
8,015,216 |
5,040,000 |
7,522,000 |
8,274,120 |
10,794,001 |
Japan** |
20,384,000 |
18,585,100 |
19,858,310 |
28,653,271 |
11,955, 900 |
Latvia |
|||||
Liechtenstein |
280,000 |
240,000 |
400,000 |
560,000 |
490,000 |
Lithuania |
5,648 |
2,257 | |||
Luxembourg |
3,841,397 |
3,161,478 |
4,064,300 |
3,777,188 |
3,196,343 |
Macedonia |
8,418 | ||||
Malta |
13,568 |
15,000 |
15,000 |
15,000 |
15,000 |
Mexico** |
134,500 |
147,400 |
142,907 |
152,888 |
172,620 |
Moldova |
|||||
Monaco* |
88,600 |
46,000 |
182,871 |
52,000 | |
Netherlands |
24,956,715 |
34,685,163 |
38,534,849 |
45,731,332 |
48,763,152 |
Norway |
14,770,758 |
23,245,263 |
30,809,344 |
23,627,782 |
20,945,515 |
Poland |
210,000 |
100,000 |
182,760 |
226,360 | |
Portugal |
200,000 |
700,000 |
200,000 |
1,068,825 |
200,000 |
Romania |
|||||
Russia |
|||||
San Marino |
12,100 |
29,000 |
37,913 |
40,000 |
40,000 |
Slovakia |
35,000 |
35,000 |
35,000 |
88,375 |
35,000 |
Slovenia |
30,000 |
220,000 |
|||
Spain |
2,164, 887 |
1,353,832 |
1,352,943 |
1,402,834 |
2,558,999 |
Sweden |
40,496, 697 |
38,770,841 |
36,736,285 |
38,099,712 |
40,023,327 |
Switzerland |
83,177,916 |
81,010,500 |
82,145,000 |
91,774,634 |
99,602,761 |
Turkey |
15,000 | ||||
United Kingdom |
29,274,565 |
33,411,442 |
57,671,733 |
68,899,776 |
84,107,239 |
U.S.A.** |
149,319,888 |
151,974,192 |
127,334,705 |
202,956,803 |
221,259,353 |
Yugoslavia* |
17,696 |
* – the states that have applied for joining the Council of Europe **
** – the states that have an observer status in the Council of Europe **
*** – the Knesset of Israel has an observer status in the Council of Europe