Report | Doc. 13154 | 28 March 2013
Draft Protocol No. 15 amending the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights
Summary
The Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights is of the view that draft Protocol No.15 amending the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as presently drafted, should be adopted and opened for signature and ratification by all States Parties.
The draft protocol provides for the insertion, in the Convention’s preamble, of reference to the principle of subsidiarity and the doctrine of the margin of appreciation. It also amends the Convention by providing for the possibility for judges to serve on the European Court of Human Rights until the age of 74 (the present age limit is 70).
In addition, this amending protocol streamlines the procedure of relinquishment of jurisdiction by a Chamber in favour of the Grand Chamber, and it shortens, from six to four months, the time limit within which an application can be brought before the Court after all domestic remedies have been exhausted. It also removes one of the limits on the Court’s powers to reject a case as trivial; at present the Court cannot dismiss a case on that basis if the complaint has not been duly considered by a domestic court.
A. Draft
opinion ![(1)
Draft
opinion adopted unanimously by the committee on 19 March 2013.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
(open)![(2)
Doc. <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=19266&Language=EN'>13093</a>.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
B. Explanatory memorandum by Mr Chope, rapporteur
(open)1. Procedure
![(3)
Doc. 13093](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
2. The context
![(4)
See, for example, the
reports prepared by our Committee on “Effective implementation of
the European Convention on Human Rights: the Interlaken process”
(<a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=12418&Language=EN'>Doc.
12221</a>), resulting in the adoption of Assembly <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=17849&Language=EN'>Resolution
1726</a> (2010), and “Guaranteeing the authority and effectiveness
of the European Convention on Human Rights” (Doc.12811), on the basis
of which the Assembly adopted <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=18060&Language=EN'>Resolution
1856</a> (2012) and <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=18059&Language=EN'>Recommendation
1991</a> (2012). For an up-to-date and comprehensive overview
see AS/Jur background document “The future of the European Court
of Human Rights and the Brighton Declaration”, AS/Jur (2012) 42,
at <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2012/ajdoc42_2012.pdf'>http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2012/ajdoc42_2012.pdf</a>.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(5)
See the special website
dedicated to inter-governmental work on Court reform at <a href='http://www.coe.int/reformECHR'>www.coe.int/reformECHR</a>, passim.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(6)
See “The future of
the Strasbourg Court and enforcement of ECHR standards: reflections
on the Interlaken process”, Conclusions of the committee’s Chairperson,
Ms Herta Däubler-Gmelin, of the hearing held in Paris on 16 December 2009,
document AS/Jur (2010) 06 at: <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2010/20100121_ajdoc06 2010.pdf'>http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2010/20100121_ajdoc06%202010.pdf</a>.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(7)
Ibid.,
paragraphs 4-9.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(8)
In its <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=16835&Language=EN'>Recommendation
1477</a> (2000) on execution of judgments of the European Court
of Human Rights the Assembly recommended amending the Convention
to introduce a system of “astreintes” (fines for a delay in the performance
of a legal obligation) to be imposed on States that persistently
fail to execute a Court judgment. See also the Assembly’s recent
Recommendation 2007 (2013) on ensuring the viability of the Strasbourg
Court: structural deficiencies in States Parties, paragraph 2 of
which reads “The Assembly reiterates its call in Recommendations
1764 (2006) and 1955 (2011) to increase pressure and take firmer
measures in cases of dilatory and continuous non-compliance with
the Court’s judgments by States Parties.”](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(9)
Text available in AS/Jur
(2012) 42, see footnote 4 above.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(10)
See,
in this connection, Assembly Resolution
1823 (2011) on national parliaments: guarantors of human rights
in Europe, paragraph 5.2. See also A. Drzemczewski, “The Parliamentary
Assembly’s Involvement in the Supervision of the Judgments of the
Strasbourg Court”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 28/2
(2010), pp. 164-178, at p.165. See also Doc.12811, op. cit., paragraphs 55-57.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(11)
Brighton
Declaration, B. Interaction between the Court and national authorities,
paragraph 12.b.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(12)
Brighton
Declaration, E. Judges and jurisprudence of the Court, paragraph
25.f.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(13)
Ibid., paragraph 25.d.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(14)
Brighton
Declaration, C Applications to the Court, paragraph 15.a.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(15)
Ibid.,
paragraph 15.c.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
3. The main provisions of draft Protocol No. 15 to the European Convention on Human Rights
3.1. Preamble to the Convention: Article 1 of the amending Protocol
![(16)
The
concept of a (national) margin of appreciation can be understood
as a practice of allowing States’ discretion in the manner in which
they fulfil their Convention obligations with respect to, for example,
Articles 8 to 12 of the Convention. This is a clear expression of
the fact that the Convention does not command or even aspire to
strict uniformity of human rights standards in Europe. For an excellent
survey of this judge-made doctrine, consult the contributions to
a seminar on this subject published in the Human
Rights Law Journal, Vol. 19 (1998), pp.1-36.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(17)
See Appendix, paragraph
4.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
3.2. Criteria for office of a judge – Article 21 of the Convention: Article 2 of the amending Protocol
![(18)
For details see footnote
6 above.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
![(19)
See <a href='http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=12219&Language=EN'>Doc.
11767</a>, “Nomination of candidates and election of judges to
the European Court of Human Rights”, especially paragraphs 5 and
32.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
3.3. Relinquishment of jurisdiction to the Grand Chamber – Article 30 of the Convention: Article 3 of the amending Protocol
![(20)
See paragraph 38 of
the Court’s preliminary Opinion, of 20 February 2012, in preparation
for the Brighton Conference: <a href='http://www.coe.int/t/dgi/brighton-conference/Documents/Court-Preliminary-opinion_en.pdf'>www.coe.int/t/dgi/brighton-conference/Documents/Court-Preliminary-opinion_en.pdf</a>.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
3.4. Admissibility criterion: time limit for submitting applications – Article 35, paragraph 1, of the Convention: Article 4 of the amending Protocol
![(21)
Ibid., paragraph 27.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
3.5. Admissibility criterion: significant disadvantage – Article 35, paragraph 1, of the Convention: Article 5 of the amending Protocol
4. The Protocol’s entry into force
Appendix – Opinion of
the European Court of Human Rights on draft Protocol No. 15 to the
European Convention on Human Rights ![(22)
Adopted by the Court
on 6 February 2013, and transmitted by the Chairperson of the Ministers’
Deputies to the President of the Parliamentary Assembly on 12 February
2013.](/nw/images/icon_footnoteCall.png)
(open)Introductory remark
1. The Court issues this Opinion at the request of the Committee of Ministers of 17 January 2013.
2. Draft Protocol No. 15 was prepared in order to implement the decisions reached at the Brighton Conference to make five amendments to the European Convention on Human Rights. Three of these were suggested by the Court, in its Preliminary Opinion for the preparation of the conference, namely the repeal of the compulsory retirement age (Article 23 § 2), the removal of the parties’ veto over the relinquishment of a case to the Grand Chamber (Article 30), and the reduction of the time limit for making an application from six months to four months (Article 35 § 1). These three matters are therefore only very briefly commented on below.
Remarks on the text
The Preamble
3. This part of the Protocol gives rise to two remarks. First, the reference in the second paragraph to the Brighton declaration makes clear the context within which the draft Protocol was negotiated. Second, the Court welcomes the wording of the fourth paragraph which, as did a very similar paragraph in the preamble to Protocol No. 14, affirms the pre-eminent role of the Court in protecting human rights in Europe. It is a statement very much in keeping with the declarations of all three high-level reform conferences, those of Interlaken, Izmir and Brighton.
Article 1
4. This provision contains a new paragraph intended to become the final recital in the Preamble to the Convention. This same wording was the subject of a comment that the Court sent to the CDDH in November 2012, in which it expressed reservations at the proposal. The Court’s principal concern was that the phrasing used, which it found to be incomplete, could give rise to uncertainty as to its intended meaning. While the text has not been revised, the drafters’ intentions have been clarified. The explanatory report now States that “[i]t is intended … to be consistent with the doctrine of the margin of appreciation as developed by the Court in its case law”. That stated intention coincides with the suggestion that the Court made at the end of its comment to develop the text further. The intended meaning can therefore be said to be in line with the relevant terms of the Brighton Declaration (in particular paragraph 12b, read along with paragraphs 10, 11 and 12a). As the Court indicated in its comment to the CDDH, there clearly was no common intention of the High Contracting Parties to alter either the substance of the Convention or its system of international, collective enforcement. Although the Court's preference is still for a more developed text, it is aware that the current wording represents a compromise among States in order to reach agreement over the Protocol as a whole. In any event, both the explanation given and the context in which the text was drafted are themselves legally significant, as illustrated by the Court’s references to the Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 14 and to the Interlaken Action Plan in Korolev v. Russia (dec.), No. 25551/05, ECHR 2010. Moreover, the report of the relevant meeting of the CDDH – an extract of which the Committee of Ministers appended to its request for the present opinion – forms part of the travaux préparatoires of the Protocol and thus is relevant to its interpretation.
5. The other principle that is referred to in the proposed new paragraph is subsidiarity. This having been a fundamental theme of the reform of the process, the insertion of a reference to it in the Convention is to be welcomed. The wording used in this respect, and in the explanatory report, reflects the Court’s pronouncements on the principle.
Article 2
6. The Court welcomes this change, which should be beneficial in future by fostering the election of very highly experienced candidates as judges, whose services may be retained beyond an age limit that no longer seems imperative in the present day.
Article 3
7. This change, which was proposed by the Court as a means of enhancing case-law consistency, is also welcomed. The explanatory report identifies an additional reason for this amendment, namely expediting the examination of important cases by removing one procedural step.
8. The first point the Court would make is that, as indicated in its preliminary opinion for the Brighton Conference, it has modified Rule 72 of the Rules of Court concerning relinquishment of jurisdiction.
9. The explanatory report then raises three points, in paragraphs 18 and 19, regarding the Court’s practice once this amendment takes effect. The first is that before deciding to relinquish a case, the Chamber consult the parties. This can be accommodated.
10. The second point is that the Chamber narrow down the case
in question by rejecting any inadmissible complaints at that stage.
The Court's practice at present, at both Chamber and Grand Chamber
level, is to consider issues of admissibility and merits simultaneously,
as envisaged by Article 29 § 1 of the Convention. It is of course
open to a Chamber to dispose of part of an application by means
of an admissibility decision and then to relinquish jurisdiction
in favour of the Grand Chamber – see as a recent example Catan and Others v. the Republic of Moldova
and Russia. It
is relevant to point out here that, subsequent to the drafting of
the explanatory report, the Court has amended Rule 27A of the Rules
of Court. It is now possible for Presidents of Section, when communicating
a case to the Government, to simultaneously strike out any manifestly
ill-founded or plainly inadmissible complaints from a file. This
will be in the interests of a more focussed procedure before the
Chamber and, in case of relinquishment, before the Grand Chamber.
11. The third point is that the Court give more specific indications to the parties regarding the possible change in case-law that might occur, or the serious question of interpretation that has prompted relinquishment. It is in the interests of the procedure that it be clear to the parties what issues they should address in depth before the Grand Chamber. In most cases, these issues should be clear enough. Where a party has a doubt, it may raise the matter with the Court's Registry, which can provide assistance.
Article 4
12. Regarding the reduction of the time-limit, the Court has no remark. It notes the transitional rules that accompany this amendment, which provide a valuable measure of legal certainty to applicants. It will ensure that the public is notified in a clear and timely way of the entry into force of this amendment, and looks to Governments, national human rights institutions, the legal profession and civil society to assist it in this.
Article 5
13. Concerning this final amendment, the Court sees no difficulty.