10 January 1994

Doc. 6985

1403-7/1/94-1-E

REPORT

on equality between men and women

(Rapporteur: Mrs ERR,

Luxembourg, Socialist Group)


Summary

      Is democracy a reality without equality?

      Democracy without parity is not democracy. Equality between men and women is one component of parity. Improvements have been made, but there are still many obstacles to equality, legal obstacles as well as practical and intellectual ones. In one field in particular women are almost completely absent in many European countries, that is the political field.

      This is why the Rapporteur proposes that members of the Parliamentary Assembly be active in their political parties and in national and international parliaments to achieve a significant representation of women.

      To start with work has to be done in order to prepare mentalities, beginning with the use of language which should distinguish women and men in titles, grades and functions. In the family, at school and in the media measures have to be taken to achieve equality.

I. Draft recommendation

1.       The Assembly affirms that equality between women and men is a fundamental principle of democracy, being a factor in the recognition of the legitimacy of women's status in public life.

2.       It considers that equality between men and women presupposes that both sexes have the same opportunities to deploy their skills in all sectors of occupational, political, family and cultural life.

3.       It is aware that, despite equality before the law, there is still discrimination against women in Europe to various extent in such fields as education, the family, work or social policy.

4.       It has regard to the Final Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna from 14 to 25 June 1993.

5.       It stresses that the fundamental rights of women and girls are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights.

6.       It is convinced that greater participation by women in all levels of political life would enable politicians of both sexes to gain a fuller understanding and perception of all the issues facing a modern democratic society.

7.       It welcomes the progress made in the Nordic countries regarding women's representation in parliaments.

8.       The Assembly recommends that the Committee of Ministers:

      i.       establish the principle of equality between women and men as a fundamental human right in an additional protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

      ii.       overcome the ambiguity of the French term droits de l'homme by replacing it with droits de la personne;

      iii.       pursue and intensify its work on equality between women and men in order to achieve complete de jure and de facto equality, placing particular emphasis on equal participation in political life and the decision-making process;

      iv.       pay the proper attention to ways of increasing the number of women in the representative organs of the Council of Europe, as well as at all levels of its Secretariat, including the highest grades, and provide the requisite administrative assistance for activities relating to equality between women and men;

      v.       introduce in French the feminist form of titles and names of functions into current language, for instance by extending and implementing the French circular of 11 March 1986 on feminisation of names of professions, functions, grades or titles.

II. Draft resolution

1.       The Assembly, referring to its Recommendation ... on equality between men and women, invites the governments of member states:

i.       to include the principle of equality in their respective constitutions and draw up anti-discriminatory legislation;

ii.       to become parties to the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women by the year 2000, if they have not already done so, and examine the possibility of withdrawing reservations in respect of the convention by amending their relevant laws;

iii.       to set up, if they have not already done so, machinery to promote and supervise respect for the principle of equality between women and men and equip the machinery with the powers, financial resources and staff it needs to attain its objectives, particularly that of facilitating participation by women in political life on an equal footing with men;

iv.       to ensure an acceptable representation of women when appointing their permanent representatives to the Council of Europe;

v.       to support suitable candidatures from women to higher posts;

vi.       to ensure that efforts are made to foster equality in schools, for example by removing sexual stereotypes from textbooks and introduce initiation in human rights into school curricula, including the male/female equality aspect;

vii.       to encourage mass-media to promote equality;

viii.       to take action to further equality between women and men in working life:

      a.       by stressing the need to organise occupational life, particularly working hours, in such a way that men and women are able to look after their children, share household tasks and dovetail these tasks with their occupational activities;

      b.       by introducing the principle of parental leave into their legislation, as well as the concept of paid leave for one of the parents for the purpose of looking after their children;

      c.       by promoting satisfactory day-care and other arrangements so as to enable both parents to go out to work;

      d.       by making any form of sexual assault at workplaces an offence;

ix.       to provide financial support for non-governmental organisations active in the field of equality between women and men and give their officials the opportunity to attend conferences and seminars on equality.

2.       The Assembly invites its members to propose candidatures of women to the presidency of the Assembly.

3.       It decides to analyse the annual report drawn up by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the purpose of which is to review the progress made in the field of equality, as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

4.       The Assembly invites the national parliaments of the member states:

      i.       to use proper methods of supervising compliance with the principle of equality between men and women;

      ii.       to secure significant representation of both sexes in their national delegations to international bodies and assemblies, especially to the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly.

5.        It also requests political parties and trade unions:

      i.       to ensure that the number of women in their executive organs is at least proportional to the number of women among their members;

      ii.       to take positive action to ensure that more women are appointed, nominated or elected at all levels of political life and are fairly represented in the decision-making process.

6.       The Assembly invites the Secretary General to give preference, for a transitional period, to candidatures of women with equal competence, for the nomination of civil servants and to pay particular attention to the promotion of women in the Secretariat.

III. Explanatory memorandum

by Mrs ERR

I.       Introduction

1.       " Equality between men and women is a factor making for the recognition of the legitimate role of women in public life".

2.       The establishment of de jure and de facto equality between men and women has always been a matter of great importance for the Council of Europe, as can be seen from the multiplicity of resolutions and recommendations adopted by the Committee of Ministers and Parliamentary Assembly over the years.

3.       Considerable progress has been made over the last fifty years in the recognition of women's rights. Nevertheless, significant disparities between theory and the practice of equality in everyday life are all too often discernible.

4.       The figures speak for themselves.

5.       As was noted by the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women, which was held in Nairobi, women make up half of the world's population, do two-thirds of all the work carried out in the world, receive 10% of earnings and own only 1% of all the property throughout the world.

6.       The reason for these figures is that women do most of the work within the home and unpaid work, whereas most men are gainfully employed.

7.       This report of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights will try to show what problems still exist, which instruments have helped to improve the situation and what steps should be taken to arrive at a society where men and women are equal.

II.       Discrimination against women still exists

II.1       Women, human rights and language

8.       It is interesting to note that the document on the final outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Rights, which was held in Vienna from 14 to 25 June 1993, stated in paragraph 9 that: "The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights. The full and equal participation of women in the political, civil, economic, social and cultural life, at the national, regional and international levels, and the eradication of all forms of discrimination on grounds of sex are priority objectives of the international community."

9.       This document therefore highlights the universal nature of human rights and points out that aspiration to equality is fundamental to our whole philosophy of human rights.

10.       The rights to which the epithet de l'homme is traditionally applied in French must necessarily be the rights of all human beings, otherwise they do not deserve the term "human rights" or Menschenrechte (other languages express the issue at stake much better than French). Should the term droits de l'homme be replaced by the term droits de la personne humaine?

11.       Language is a medium which transmits the values of a society and (...) reflects the patriarchal structure of our society. For example, the names of some occupations exist only in the masculine form, although many women engage in them (see, in French, la docteur or la professeur.

12.       When male terminology has to be found, usage moves fast. When men started practising midwifery, for example, French soon came up with maïeuticien.

13.       Another example of language which discriminates against women is the use of forms of address. No one seems to attach any importance to the fact that a caretaker or check-out assistant is spoken to as Madame la Concierge or Madame la Caissière. Not so if women venture into occupations or professions usually carried on by men. Female government ministers or judges, for instance, are called Madame le Ministre and Madame le Juge, for the sake of a linguistic correctness which does not seem to exist at the lower levels of society.

14.       A language which is unable to convey present-day realities is a mutilated language. Women government ministers, women secretaries general and women presidents of countries are social realities. Their achievements were hard-won and it is a great pity that there is resistance — which purports to be on language grounds but is basically social or ideological — to devising a few appropriate terms.

15.       For female occupation names and forms of address to gain acceptance, the key factor is going to be not so much the actual choice of words as every woman's having the courage to use them, insist on others using them and thus make them the words that come naturally.

16.       It needs to be realised that a woman's using the male name for her position or occupation implies that the female name diminishes the function and the person performing it. Hence the importance of women in senior positions insisting on the use of the female occupation name or form of address.

17.       If we acknowledge that our whole perception of society is bound up with language, the Council of Europe should make consistent use of female forms of address and job titles so as to help introduce them into current usage.

II.2       Educational equality

18.       Officially girls and boys enjoy a very substantial degree of educational equality. But official equality is not enough; in practice the opportunities of girls and women in the educational system are no more equal than they are in working life, for which it is supposed to prepare them.

19.       This situation calls for a new overarching policy to make equality of the sexes a reality in all areas of human activity. In order to promote truly equal opportunities, the aim of educational policy must be to ensure that boys and girls and men and women not only have equal access to all stages and sectors of the educational system on paper, but that they are equally able to receive education of equal value in practice.

20.       All too often school textbooks and education systems in Council of Europe member states perpetuate prejudices and stereotypes and therefore influence children's perception of their "roles" as men and women. In nursery schools a distinction is already made between the toys that are meant for boys and those intended for girls. Later on, at school, the content of work is dissimilar. Textbooks, which all too often convey sexist stereotypes based on a traditional division of labour between men and women, need revising.

21.       Moreover, parents and teachers frequently fail to see the need for girls to complete their education. The advice given by guidance bodies is very often based on the sex of the person and not on their particular aptitudes. Careers advice of this kind is contrary to the principle of equality.

22.       Sex education about methods of contraception and the consequences of abortion is in many instances inadequate, incomplete or even non-existent. There should be more emphasis on it in the curriculum, both for girls and boys.

II.3       Equality in the choice of surname

23.       In many countries, law or custom demands that women take their husband's family name when they marry and children nearly always automatically receive their father's surname, although there is no real reason for the practice and it is incompatible with the principle of equality. I would draw attention here to the report being drawn up by the Parliamentary Assembly on equality between men and women in the choice of their children's surname.

II.4       Occupational equality

24.       Even when women have received the same education as men, they do not always have the same chances of finding work. Employers are often reluctant to recruit women because of the practical problems which maternity leave, time off work or part-time work can pose.

25.       In many countries it is virtually impossible to combine child-rearing with full-time work, because either there are not enough child-minding facilities or opening hours do not fit in with normal working hours.

26.       Another aspect which should be mentioned under this heading is sexual harassment, which is a sad reality for many working women, a serious infringement of the dignity of women and a major obstacle to equality at work.

27.       Lastly, it must be pointed out that, notwithstanding all the appeals of women's organisations and international bodies, the principle of equal pay for the same work has still not been accepted in all countries and great disparities in male and female wages still exist.

II.5       Democracy and women

28.       Democracy constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the Council of Europe, but politics are one area of modern democratic society in which women participate the least.

29.       A report of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in 1991 on the distribution of seats between men and women in national parliaments also disclosed that equality is not yet an accomplished fact in public life, as in 1991 only 11% of seats in parliaments throughout the world were occupied by women. Women were slightly better represented in European parliaments (12,5%). (A list of percentages for Council of Europe member states is appended to this report.)

30.       The 1993 edition of the above-mentioned report revealed that women's representation in parliaments had fallen to a world average of 10,1%. In 1975, at the beginning of the Decade for Women, the figure was 12,5%. The record for women's representation in parliaments was 14,6% in 1988.

31.       Only four member states of the Council of Europe at present have a female rate of representation of over 30%: Finland 39%, Norway 35,8%, Sweden 33,5% and Denmark 33%.

32.       Men and women are therefore far from equal in public affairs. Female representation in public bodies has made little progress in recent years and has even declined substantially in some countries.

33.       The democratisation of central and eastern Europe has been accompanied by a marked drop in the number of women members of parliament. In 1985, 81 of the 387 seats in the Hungarian Parliament were occupied by women (20,9%), after the elections in 1990, this number went down to 27 (7%). The same thing happened in Czechoslovakia; in 1986 29,5% of the members of the Chamber of the People were women, in 1990 this percentage was a mere 11,3. The other countries of central and eastern Europe have all experienced similar trends. More democracy does not therefore necessarily mean that women are better represented.

34.       Equality, by which we mean equal opportunities, is however a democratic ideal enshrined in all the instruments for protecting human rights. Ideals must be reflected in politics. On looking at the present political scene, we would be justified in thinking that democracy is incomplete and that the principle of equal opportunities is being violated.

35.       Women must overcome the obstacles to participation in politics at party political level. Even if women do enter politics they rarely hold positions of responsibility.

III.       THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN

36.       For many years now the Council of Europe has been devoting much attention to the matter of equality between women and men.

37.       In this context, special mention should be made of the following texts adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe:

      — Re       solution (77) 1 on women's employment;—

      —Re       commendation No. R (84) 17 on equality between women and men in the media;—

      —Re       commendation No. R (85) 2 on legal protection against sex discrimination;—

      —Re       commendation No. R (85) 4 on violence in the family;—

      —Re       commendation No. R (89) 3 on the flexibility of retirement age, and—

      —Re       commendation No. R (90) 4 on the elimination of sexism from language.38

38.       Furthermore, the Council of Europe has organised two ministerial conferences on equality between women and men which culminated in 1989 in a resolution on policies to accelerate the achievement of real equality between women and men.

39.       Over the years the Parliamentary Assembly has likewise adopted a multiplicity of resolutions and recommendations on this subject.

40.       Nevertheless, as far as equal representation of both sexes is concerned, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe does not set a good example, far from it. (The exact percentages are shown in Appendix 2 to this report.)

41.       A recent report of the Secretary General on equality between women and men in the Council of Europe (Doc. 6606) noted that "intergovernmental structures and the Secretariat itself have begun to open up more and are witnessing greater participation by women, both in expert committees and Secretariat posts. ... and while more women are recruited by the Council of Europe they only slowly make their road through the Secretariat, none having yet been appointed to a direction post (A6 or A7).1 On the other hand, it is sad to acknowledge that the number of women in the Parliamentary Assembly — be they Representatives or Alternates — is very limited and shows no significant progress."

IV.       WAYS AND MEANS OF ACHIEVING EQUALITY

IV.1       Action by the Council of Europe

IV.1.1       Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

42.       The most effective signal as regards equality between men and women would be the inclusion of this right in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

43.       The principle of non-discrimination on grounds of sex is indeed included in Article 14 of the above-mentioned Convention, but the principle of equality must not be regarded as the opposite of discrimination and, as such, covered by a general clause on non-discrimination. An independent, positive right to equality should exist. Comparison with any other kind of discrimination is therefore inappropriate. It must be reiterated that women do not constitute a category or a minority but, on the contrary, they are slightly in the majority.

IV.1.2       Promoting the representation of women

44.       Although the Council of Europe has striven for decades to improve the situation of women, with equality in mind, care should obviously be taken to ensure that a sufficient number of women are members of its representative organs, that is the Committee of Ministers, committees of experts and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. For membership of the Parliamentary Assembly, preference could be given to women where candidates are of equal merit.

45.       Likewise, the Secretariat of the Council of Europe should pursue a policy of ensuring that there are women in all administrative grades.

46.       Furthermore, the Secretariat should have adequate financial resources for implementing its policy of promoting equality between women and men.

IV.2       Action by member states

IV.2.1       The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

47.       In order to put an end to all forms of discrimination against women, all Council of Europe member states should accede to the United Nations Convention by the year 2000.

48.       States which are already parties to the said convention should step up their search for ways reducing the particularly large number of reservations to it. More particularly, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women should continue its examination of the reservations to the convention. To this end, the States Parties should be invited to withdraw reservations which conflict with the purpose and aim of the convention and amend national legislation in the fields in question.

49.       Furthermore, the convention provides for the setting-up of a committee on the elimination of discrimination against women, to which States Parties to the convention must submit their national reports and which publishes an annual report on follow-up measures and progress on the rights established in the convention.

50.       This report should be given wider publicity and it should be suggested to the Committee of Ministers that it request analysis of this report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe after scrutiny of it by the Ad hoc Committee on Equality between Men and Women.

IV.2.2       National machinery to promote equality

51.       National machinery to promote the equal rights and opportunities of men and women can play an important role and most member states of the Council of Europe do have such machinery. States which have not yet taken any steps in this direction, like setting up a special ministry, a committee for equality or a research institute, should be invited to do so. Governments should further see to it that this machinery is given the requisite funds, staff and powers effectively to achieve its purpose.

52.       A comparative study of the Committee for Equality between Women and Men (CAHFM) of 1985 found that this machinery was generally associated with the framing of legislation, either in a purely consultative capacity or it could submit draft laws or legislative amendments, when its terms of reference expressly made provision for this. Bodies which had genuine decision-making power or which could take legal action on their own initiative, hold enquiries or issue summonses if discriminatory practices came to light, tended to be much rarer.

53.       Furthermore, in the Nordic countries, some ad hoc machinery has a semi-judicial character in the field of laws to combat discrimination.

54.       This national machinery could play a leading role in increasing women's political participation through a wide variety of measures (organisation of information campaigns to boost the number of female candidates, etc.).

IV.2.3       Anti-discriminatory legislation

55.       The member states of the Council of Europe should include the right of equality in their constitutions, in order to emphasise the importance they attach to the question of equality between men and women as a fundamental principle of our democracy.

56.       States must also have laws making any act of discrimination on grounds of sex an offence, so that this constitutional provision does not remain a dead letter.

IV.2.4       Human rights education

57.       Teaching aids frequently hinder boys and girls in their choice of education and occupation because of the sexual stereotypes they convey. The teacher alone can open up the children's minds and help them to make unprejudiced choices of studies and careers, through the subjects taught and the teaching methods employed.

58.       Equality training should therefore be compulsory for the whole of the teaching staff. Human rights instruction could then be given by this qualified staff. The inculcation of tolerance, including promotion of the principle of equality between men and women should make up a large part of this education.

59.       Sexual stereotypes should be expunged from school textbooks so as to show children that men and women can have the same jobs and hobbies.

IV.2.5       Organisation of work

60.       There is a great deal of discrimination against women at work. The traditional division of labour between men and women makes it harder for the latter to find employment, owing to the impossibility of combining family duties with a job when there are not enough child-care facilities, existing ones do not cater for the full range of needs, and men do not as a matter of course do their share of unpaid (household and childrearing) tasks.

61.       Various steps must therefore be taken to give women a genuine option of full participation in the labour market. These measures might include the reorganisation of working hours through an extension of part-time work, a general shortening of the working week or shorter working hours for parents with very young children.

62.       Obviously preparatory prenatal leave and postnatal leave which can be taken by both men and women must be introduced and day nurseries, school canteens and state boarding schools must be promoted so as to give both parents a genuine option of going out to work.

63.       Lastly, action should be taken on sexual harassment at work. Member states should be called upon to introduce laws making any form of unwanted sexual attention an offence in order to secure equality between men and women in the workplace.

IV.2.6       Support for non-governmental organisations

64.       Many non-governmental organisations are concerned with equality between men and women and their activities deserve particular support from the authorities. This assistance should not be confined to the granting of subsidies; the importance of the political training given to young women officials of such organisations should also be recognised.

IV.3       Action by national parliaments

65.       National parliaments will plainly also have a part to play in fostering equality between women and men.

66.       The legislative role of a parliament consists in adopting, rejecting or amending the texts submitted to it by the executive. Specialist committees on equality — whether committees specially set up or the existing committees — should check that these texts are consonant with the principle of equality between women and men.

67.       Lastly, national parliaments must see to it that the composition of national delegations representing them at international bodies, especially the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, is consistent with the principle of equality and that both sexes are adequately represented.

IV.4       Action by political parties

68.       Political parties clearly have a particularly important role to play with regard to equality between men and women, because it is at their level that political initiatives are taken and it often falls to them to create an awareness of key issues among the electorate.

69.       Nevertheless, it is clear from the report that, with few exceptions, political parties field only a small number of women candidates and have few women at decision-making levels and that the number of women on party committees or lists of candidates for election seldom adequately reflects the number of women party members.

70.       In order to make sure that both sexes are adequately represented, political parties should establish a parity threshold along the lines of Sweden or other Nordic countries, where each sex must make up at least 40% of the parties' leadership and candidates for election. The efficacy of this measure is self-evident. The high percentages of women in the Nordic parliaments speak for themselves. An interesting development in Italy is an informal agreement between political parties to ensure that men and women are properly represented.

71.       In the Nordic countries, men have even benefited from the system. Women have had to give up their places to ensure that the men, who had fallen short of the 40% threshold, were adequately represented. The quota system thus works both ways, as is in keeping with the equality principle it is supposed to promote.

72.       The setting of such quotas is a constant source of controversy. The conditions on which they should be introduced therefore have to be clearly defined:

      —th       e quota must be high enough to act as a real incentive;—

      —qu       ality and continuity must be safeguarded: quotas must be set in the light of the number of men and women in each party;—

      —qu       otas must be specified in parties' rules;—

      —qu       otas must be regarded as a temporary measure designed to eliminate inequality;—

      —th       e introduction of such a measure does not dispense with the need to remove the underlying causes of women's under-representation. It is thus an instrument whose purpose is to remove the need for its own existence.AP

APPENDIX I

COUNTRY

DATE OF

ELECTIONS

WOMEN

MPs

No. OF

SEATS

TOTAL %

ALBANIA

February 1987

April 1991

72

9

178

241

28,8

3,6

BULGARIA

June 1986

June 1990

84

34

400

400

21

8,5

HUNGARY

June 1985

April 1990

81

27

387

386

20,9

7

POLAND

October 1985

(Elections held since then)

93

367

20,2

GDR

June 1986

March 1990

(Elections held since then)

161

82

500

400

32,2

20,5

ROMANIA

March 1985

(Elections held since then)

127

369

34,4

CZECHO-

SLOVAKIA

(Chamber of Nations)

May 1986

June 1990

44

17

150

150

29,9

11,3

CZECHO-

SLOVAKIA (Chamber of the People)

May 1986

June 1990

59

13

200

150

29,5

8,7

YUGOSLAVIA

May 1986

(Elections held since then)

39

220

17,7

BY WAY OF COMPARISON (OTHER MEMBER

STATES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE)

AUSTRIA

October 1990

40

143

21,8

BELGIUM

December 1987

(Elections held since then)

18

212

8,5

CYPRUS

May 1991

3

56

5,3

DENMARK

December 1990

59

179

33

FINLAND

March 1991

77

200

38,5

FRANCE

September 1989

10

311

3,1

GERMANY

January 1987

(Elections held since then)

80

519

15,4

GREECE

April 1990

16

300

5,3

ICELAND

April 1991

15

63

23,8

IRELAND

June 1989

13

166

7,8

ITALY

June 1987

(Elections held since then)

81

630

12,8

LIECHTENSTEIN

October 1993

2

25

8

LUXEMBOURG

June 1989

8

60

13,3

MALTA

May 1987

2

69

2,9

MONACO

January 1988

2

18

11,1

NETHERLANDS

September 1989

16

75

21,3

NORWAY

September 1989

59

165

35,8

PORTUGAL

July 1987

(Elections held since then)

19

250

7,6

SAN MARINO

May 1988

7

60

11,7

SPAIN

October 1989

51

350

14,6

SWEDEN

September 1988

133

349

38,1

SWITZERLAND

October 1987

(Elections held since then)

28

200

14

TURKEY

October 1991

8

450

1,8

UNITED KINGDOM

June 1987

(Elections held since then)

41

650

6,3

APPENDIX II

National delegations of the member states (June 1993)2

COUNTRY

% OF FEMALE

MEMBERS

% OF FEMALE

SUBSTITUTES

AUSTRIA

16,7 (1/6)

16,7 (1/6)

BELGIUM

0 (0/7)

0 (0/7)

BULGARIA

0 (0/6)

16,7 (1/6)

CYPRUS

0 (0/3)

0 (0/3)

DENMARK

40 (2/5)

40 (2/5)

ESTONIA

33,3 (1/3)

0 (0/3)

FINLAND

40 (2/5)

60 (3/5)

FRANCE

0 (0/18)

5,6 (1/18)

GERMANY

11,1 (2/18)

16,7 (3/18)

GREECE

0 (0/7)

0 (0/7)

HUNGARY

14,3 (1/7)

0 (0/7)

ICELAND

0 (0/3)

66,7 (2/3)

IRELAND

0 (0/4)

25 (1/4)

ITALY

0 (0/18)

0 (0/18)

LIECHTENSTEIN

0 (0/2)

0 (0/2)

LITHUANIA

0 (0/4)

0 (1/4)

LUXEMBOURG

66,7 (2/3)

0 (0/3)

MALTA

0 (0/3)

0 (0/3)

NETHERLANDS

14,3 (1/7)

28,6 (2/7)

NORWAY

20 (1/5)

60 (3/5)

POLAND

16,7 (2/12)

0 (0/12)

PORTUGAL

0 (0/7)

14,3 (1/7)

SAN MARINO

0 (0/2)

0 (0/2)

SLOVENIA

0 (0/3)

0 (0/3)

SPAIN

0 (0/12)

16,7 (2/12)

SWEDEN

33,3 (2/6)

50 (3/6)

SWITZERLAND

0 (0/6)

33,3 (2/6)

TURKEY

8,3 (1/12)

0 (0/12)

UNITED KINGDOM

5,6 (1/18)

11.1 (2/18)

AVERAGE

11,04 (19/212)

15,9 (30/212)

Special guest delegations (June 1993)

COUNTRY

% OF FEMALE

MEMBERS

ALBANIA

0 (0/4)

BELARUS

0 (0/7)

CROATIA

20 (1/5)

LATVIA

0 (0/3)

FYROM

0 (0/3)

MOLDOVA

0 (0/5)

ROMANIA

0 (0/10)

RUSSIA

22,2 (4/18)

UKRAINE

0 (0/12)

AVERAGE

4,7 (5/67)

      Reporting committee: Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights.

      Budgetary implications for the Assembly: none.

      Reference to committee: Doc. 6178 and Reference No. 1661 of 21 March 1990.

      Draft recommendation and draft resolution unanimously adopted by the committee on 13 December 1993.

      Members of the committee: Lord Kirkhill (Chairman), MM. Strimitzer, Jansson (Vice-Chairmen), Akarçali, Amaral, Arnalds, Bartodziej, Bindig, Borg, Bučar, Candal, Columberg, Croze, Deasy, Espersen, Fogaš, Franck, Fry, Fuhrmann (Alternate: Schwimmer), Galanos (Alternate: Hadjidemetriou), Guenov, Gundersen, Guzzetti, Hagård, Mrs Haller, Mr Hunault, Mrs Jaani, Mrs Janů, MM. Karcsay, Kempinaire, Mrs Lentz-Cornette (Alternate: Mrs Err), MM. Loutfi, Van der Maelen, Markiewicz, Mimaroǧlu (Alternate: Soysal), Oehry, Polli, Robles Fraga, Rodotà, Rokofyllos, Sakalas, von Schmude, Mrs Soutendijk-Van Appeldoorn, MM. Stamatis, Stoffelen, Tabajdi, Trojan, Vinçon, Vogel, Ward (Alternate: Rathbone), Zapatero, N ... (Alternate: Frunda).

      N.B.       The names of those members who took part in the vote are printed in italics.

      Secretaries to the committee: Mr Plate, Ms Coin and Mrs Kleinsorge.


1 1A woman has since been appointed Deputy Director of Legal Affairs (A6).

2 1The number of women out of the whole delegation is indicated in brackets.