Future of social policy
Doc. 7634
23 September 1996
REPORT[1]
Rapporteurs: the EARL OF DUNDEE, United Kingdom, European Democratic Group and Mr HEGYI, Hungary, Socialist Group
Summary
Western societies are undergoing a veritable transformation comparable in magnitude to the industrial revolution of last century. These transformations affect the various focal points of integration, namely work, family, school and towns. To respond to these challenges, social policies must undertake to make the social individual the focus of any measures recommended because a society in which individuals no longer have means of integration cannot survive.
The technological advances that do away with the need for arduous or repetitive work and reduce the time needed to perform tasks should be welcomed and should not result in the increasing exclusion of people from the labour market. Although the idea of a leisure society is appealing, it is not feasible for the time being and work or employment remains the main means of integration.
Social policies must therefore take account of this fact and be formulated accordingly.
The family has also witnessed changes and the increased independence of women can only be welcomed as progress and encouraged; the crisis in society must not be a pretext for reversing that trend. Measures to assist families are necessary to help them handle their responsibilities.
Education and training are necessary if not sufficient conditions for occupational integration and improved well-being; they must offer equal opportunities to everyone. Initiatives conducted by and around associations, particularly neighbourhood groups which involve local people in the rehabilitation of their neighbourhood, must be encouraged.
I. Preliminary draft recommendation
1. The Assembly considers the combatting of unemployment and of the different forms of exclusion it entails to be a priority.
2. Unemployment destroys those who are its victims, particularly young people, entails difficulties of integration, increasing violence and insecurity in towns and cities where certain districts become veritable "ghettos".
3. The transition that has taken place in central and east European countries has concentrated on economic process, while social aims and needs have been more or less ignored for the sake of the market. The cradle-to-grave social system of former times cannot be retained, but there is a clear need for a new and effective social policy, with the combined efforts of the governments, social partners, local communities, churches and non-governmental organisations. Economic and political reforms should be accompanied by well-balanced reform of social policy, based on the European Social Charter. The Assembly therefore recalls its Resolution 1056 (1995) on social policies and political stability in central and east European countries, which was adopted in the wake of the Prague Conference (October 1994).
4. Europe, which has in the past equipped itself with instruments to safeguard fundamental human rights and has developed democracy to an unprecedented extent throughout the continent, has a duty not only to maintain such standards but also to achieve genuine social democracy on pain of decline.
5. Most of the structures of our industrial civilisation are in the process of change, beginning with the organisation of work; however, although the nature of work has changed under the combined influence of several factors, including technical progress, which has resulted in the reorganisation of work and globalisation of the economy, it continues to be an important factor in social integration and, as a result, employment for all must be an aim of any social policy.
6. The relevance of certain economic indicators such as GDP is now contested as they no longer reflect reality. Wealth cannot be limited to purely economic indicators but must take account of factors such as the level of education and health. Economic growth is no longer a guarantee that social achievements can attain the same level.
7. Against the current background of globalisation and accompanying deregulation, Europe must reinforce its cohesion and the European Union in particular, if accepted as a political force, could play a regulating role on the international scene. However, the single currency must not be an end in itself justifying all types of rigorous social measures.
8. The measures to be taken depend on the kind of society we want to build and if Europe does not wish to witness an aggravation of inequalities and social exclusion, it must make a substantial effort of innovation, organisation and mobilisation to create a new type of development which will allow everyone to find their place and to achieve self-fulfilment to the best of their intellectual and other capacities.
9. The Assembly asserts that the continuing increase in unemployment is threatening social cohesion and that an agreement is necessary on the need for a new social contract aiming at a higher level of employment, both for the sake of individuals who are unemployed and for the sake of society, that is to say for the economy and the balance of payments.
10. Consequently, the Assembly recommends that the Committee of Ministers invite member states to implement active employment policies, and it reaffirms that the irreplaceable role of employment as a factor for integration, based on the following principles:
i. development of new sources of employment in the services field, in particular by local authorities, in order to meet needs which have not yet been catered, for example by providing home help, local shops, refurbishment of public facilities and environmental protection activities, but subject to the following conditions:
a. these new jobs should not compete with private activities,
b. they should not cost society more than the social cost of unemployment;
ii. encouragement of local development and employment schemes advocated by the European Commission;
iii. general agreement on the necessity of flexible working time, while protecting the most vulnerable, should lead to the adoption of framework legislation to reorganise and reduce working time, on a weekly, monthly or yearly basis as well as to extend sabbatical years for training or retraining, and flexible retirement age;
iv. launching of major public works, particularly in the field of public transport networks, including mainly the improvement of the transport connections between the western and eastern parts of Europe.
11. The above measures, which aim at reducing the level of unemployment and thus at reducing the cost of social insurance, should be accompanied by the following measures:
i. inclusion of as many persons as possible in taxation schemes and social security systems;
ii. reducing the burden on labour and increasing the burden on non labour aspects of production;
iii. creation of a tax on ecological damage.
12. The Assembly is nevertheless aware that in spite of all the above measures, some people will continue to need assistance:
i. in particular, families with children should receive grants to cover basic social needs;
ii. the introduction of parental leave to allow parents to shoulder their responsibilities should be offered;
iii. sufficient funding should be allocated to education to give everyone a high level of general education as well as vocational training;
iv. people living in so-called "deprived" neighbourhoods should be involved in re-establishing a decent environment and existing schemes such as "neighbourhood management agencies" should be encouraged;
v. international co-operation should be redesigned in such a way as to link social affairs and economic affairs as interdependent and based on the principle of solidarity;
vi. purely economic indicators such as GDP shuld be replaced by others which take into account such factors as life expectancy, nutrition, health care and education, das proposed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) which has devised a human development index (HDI);
vii. social clauses should be included in international commercial agreements, particularly agreements of the World Trade Organisation;
viii. central and east European countries in transition should be helped and encouraged to guarantee basic social values while reforming their social policy;
ix. all member states of the Council of Europe should devote one per cent of their social expenditure to experiment labour market policies through project pilot schemes.
13. Lastly, the Assembly once more urges the Committee of Ministers:
i. to adopt, without further delay, an additional protocol to the European Convention of Human Rights, safeguarding the fundamental right of equality between men and women;
ii. to ensure that member states ratify the relevant conventions of the Council of Europe, in particular the Revised European Social Charter and the European Code of Social Security.
II. Explanatory memorandum
by the Earl of Dundee and Mr Hegyi
Contents
I. Introduction
Why a "new" social policy?
II. Employment
A. Role
B. Necessity
C. How to create jobs
III. Effects of the international environment on social policies
A. Effects of globalisation
B. Consequences of monetary union
IV. Financing of social policy
V. Other integration factors essential to social policy
A. Role of education and training
B. The family
VI. Urban violence
VII. Proposed solutions to the above problems
A. Regarding employment
B. Regarding financing
C. Regarding inter-state relations
Conclusions
I. Introduction
Why a "new" social policy?
1. The Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee held a hearing on the new social policy on 5 and 6 March 1996 in Paris. The programme of the hearing is appended. For further information, also refer to the compendium of keynote presentations (AS/Soc (1996) 9 and the report of the hearing (AS/Soc (1996) 10).
2. Why speak of a "new" social policy?
3. The reason is that the policy must answer a new social question framed to accommodate genuine changes such as globalisation and its implications, particularly the fact that economic systems can no longer be regulated on a national basis, together with changes associated with the transformation of work and technical progress, which have changed the very nature of employment. The scale of these changes could be compared, without exaggeration, to that of industrial revolution which raised the social question in the first place. It must also take account of the current transformation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The facts offer ample evidence of the destructive effects of the transition to a market economy, as reported at the Prague Colloquy of October 1994, when this is unaccompanied by any controls or appropriate social measures.
4. In the 19th century the social question gave rise to an institutional innovation: public services. Similarly, new devices must be discovered in response to the new social question. But above all, the subject requires a thorough debate.
II. Employment
5. This report deals with social policy, not social exclusion, even though exclusion is one consequence of certain shortcomings in social policy such as unemployment, deficient education and training, and the lack of health care or social cover. The resultant recommendations are therefore aimed not at solving the exclusion problem but rather preventing it, obviating rather than remedying situations of exclusions.
6. Work and employment was the first question addressed.
7. Its priority is understandable; given that unemployment is the number one problem for virtually all states and above all for the millions of people affected, it must be asked what work, and consequently being out of work, actually represents. That was the object of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee.
A. Role
8. What does work represent today? Is it still a value in itself, or only for people without work?
9. The kind of work that shaped the postwar socio-economic system bringing full employment and fair income distribution had these four characteristic components:
- a form of consumption geared towards manufactured goods
- a production model which separated the design from the execution functions
- work-related advantages guaranteed by the state in many countries;
- regulatory intervention by the state.
10. The old model has been thrown into doubt by changes to all these components:
- consumption characterised by greater differentiation
- new forms of organisation of production
- the crisis of the welfare state
to which must be added the globalisation of the economy.
11. The nature of work is becoming further and further removed from productive labour, losing its unity and homogeneousness.
B. Necessity
12. Work is conceived in various ways which may at first seem diametrically opposed. For some authorities, such as Bernard Perret in his book "L'avenir du travail - les d�mocraties face au ch�mage", work has a future because in his opinion it remains crucial to the attainment of personal independence. Louis Laville, in an article on the crisis of waged employment published in the periodical "Esprit", considers that it is still one of the most powerful vectors of identity in our societies and will remain so for a long time yet. However, he goes on to say that at the same time wage-earning will no longer be able to perform such a substantial integrative function as hitherto.
13. Others, such as Dominique Meda, author of the book "Le travail a-t-il un avenir?", or Jeremy Rifkin, author of "The end of work", come up with a completely different answer: work is no longer a value; it is furthermore a concept which emerged at a comparatively late stage in the organisation of society, and its history is almost at an end. In that sense, his view approximates the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) conclusion that a society's wealth is not to be measured solely in terms of GNP but also according to the Human Development Index (HDI) which takes account of these aspects and can moreover be refined to include gender-based differences (Gender-specific human development index).
14. More and more studies are casting doubt on the relevance of economic indicators such as GDP, to which they ascribe a purely relative value, pointing out that it is no longer appropriate to use criteria that applied to industrial production. Productivity, for example, is not necessarily an indicator of economic health, since it is firms with the highest productivity that have had the greatest numbers of layoffs.
15. Perhaps it is now time to acknowledge that the transition to a service economy means that performance and competitiveness criteria can no longer be treated as sacrosanct.
16. The two notions that there is a future for work and that work is coming to an end may not be as contradictory as they appear. The same inference is made: the type of work which has characterised human society and every society is destined to disappear. Even so, the new needs must be met while ensuring human welfare.
17. It is widely acknowledged that as well as serving a purely economic function, work is also a force for social integration, which must be retained.
18. Here too, there are several possible approaches. One faction continues to demand the restoration of full employment while another asks that it should at least remain a goal to be achieved, and some claim that full employment is no longer possible.
19. Can full employment be restored? Should growth be relied on for its recovery? It seems plain that growth no longer equates to creation of jobs.
20. On the contrary, the observed tendency is for labour to decrease as production increases. Between 1970 and 1990 in France, although the same could apply to most other developed countries, GDP rose by 70% at the same time as a four or five fold increase in unemployment.
21. As for other solutions, the USA is held up as an example to Europe for having succeeded in reducing unemployment - even to the point of counterproductiveness, in that the risk of inflation increases. Witness the New York stock exchange's panic response to the announcement of new job creation. How has the United States succeeded in reducing the unemployment rate? By offering very low paid jobs and abolishing support for the unemployed to circumvent the "unemployment trap", ie the situation where people would rather remain unemployed than work for a wage equivalent to or barely above unemployment benefits. This may well be true for some of the unemployed, especially the unskilled, but most aspire to work. The outcome of the employment policy pursued in the United States is that millions of workers live below the poverty line.
22. Not all unemployment containment measures have succeeded in halting its growth, and the side-effects of some measures (very low wages for longer hours, hence growing poverty; the so-called unemployment trap) prompt us to look for other ways out of a situation to which the term "crisis" is clearly less and less applicable.
C. How to create jobs
23. Work-sharing and reduced working hours have as yet been only partially tried out.
24. It is important to avoid the trap of thinking that reductions in working hours are a symbol of failure or an acknowledgement that there will no longer be jobs for all. However, if shorter working hours are to be adopted, the conditions must be right. Flexible working time is indeed in the interest of employers. It should also be in the interest of workers.Accordingly, in order to serve those two purposes it should be regulated by a framework legislation which avoids both anarchy and rigidity. Legislation must be introduced, after consultations with employers' and employees' representatives, setting out a range of options, including flexitime systems where employees choose their own hours, "time" banks on which they can draw and longer parental leave for one or other parent, and these must apply right across Europe.
25. Alongside conventional productive labour, unconventional labour could fulfil a growing proportion of needs, in step with the development of other forms of social integration in the community, cultural and environmental sectors or elsewhere. This is all the more valid considering that a number of safeguards are associated with employment. Thus the importance of employment is also linked with these safeguards. Under a number of schemes put forward today, the jobs offered no longer carry these safeguards, which are presented as the precise cause of unemployment. Thus it appears pointless to foster employment if only to dispense with the safeguards which it afforded.
26. Certain suggestions, indeed, entail dissociating employment from social protection and ultimately promoting compulsory work.
27. It is therefore necessary to envisage and organise pluralism of activities, one of whose characteristics will be intensified tertiary employment. This would enable outstanding needs to be met by creating jobs at local levels, particularly in the service fields. Reference can be made in this connection to the Commission of the European Communities working paper on local development and employment initiatives, listing seventeen fields: home help, child care, new information and communication technologies, assistance to young people facing difficulties, better housing, security, local public transport services, refurbishment of public facilities in urban areas, local shops, tourism, audiovisual services, the cultural heritage, local cultural development, waste management, water services, protection and maintenance of natural areas, monitoring of quality standards, pollution control and the requisite installations.
28. The concept of "multiple job-holding" is attractive but presupposes that individuals do not solely pursue gain and personal interest. Is it utopian to surmise that individuals have at heart their social or cultural environment? This is the perspective adopted in UNDP research, which works from the finding that wealth does not automatically materialise in human development since, as mentioned above, the national product grows as employment diminishes.
29. The UNDP has attempted to quantify unremunerated work and produced results that speak volumes: world GDP being assessed at 23,000 billion dollars, unremunerated activity has an estimated value of 16,000 billion dollars ie over half the total.
30. Needless to say, the bulk of this work is performed by women. On the basis of the foregoing analysis, the UNDP has evolved the concept of human development index (HDI) whereby the condition of a given country is evaluated not only according to GNP but also its standard of education and training, life expectancy, health situation, etc. In these terms, the classification of countries differs from one based strictly on GNP.
III. Effects of the international environment on social policies
A. Effects of globalisation
31. The question of globalisation should be addressed in view of its impact on the problems under discussion. It is covered in another report on the WTO and social rights, but should be mentioned in passing. Globalisation is henceforth an undeniable reality. One of its clearest implications is that states can no longer take isolated measures to steer economic tendencies.
32. The question worth asking is whether it would be true to say that we can only adapt to this situation. Society is faced with a number of choices, which must be made in the light of certain priorities, one of which is to maintain social cohesion.
33. Whatever the response, many voices have been raised in favour of a social clause in global trading relations. There also seems to be a consensus on the minimum content of such social clauses, which should provide for five fundamental rights:
- the prohibition of forced labour
- the prohibition of child labour
- non-discrimination against women
- the right to join a trade union
- the right to bargain collectively.
34. These are all rights safeguarded by the European Social Charter; it is for the member states to ensure that they do not remain a dead letter.
B. Consequences of monetary union
35. Another phenomenon not to be discounted is monetary union and its implications for social rights. One may take the view, as in the March 1996 report by the "Committee of Wise Men" on prospects for a Europe of civic and social rights, that the emergence of the European Union as an original political entity with a single currency will enable it to perform more readily than at present a regulative function on the world scene and to foster greater respect for the rules of play as well as for economic and financial policies. Yet it must be acknowledged that in order to meet the convergence criteria laid down for monetary union, governments are currently being forced to make serious inroads into social rights. There is a possible risk that the cure will kill the patient.
36. It is senseless to see the single currency as an end in itself. However it is possible to give it a meaning, including that of providing a real service, and to ensure that it is used as a tool for social as well as economic progress.
37. Original ideas have been put forward such as that of monetary expansion, which would of course have to be handled cautiously.
38. Perhaps the time has come for politicians to resume the initiative which they have all too often left to the economists.
IV. Financing of social policy
39. One object of social policy is to effect transfers of revenue:
- between individuals
- over an individual life-span
- from the system to individuals.
40. The present trends would seem to indicate that transfers in these three directions are more and more necessary because of income disparity, growing problems of poverty and exclusion in ageing populations, longer retirements, an older population with greater health needs, a different economic environment typified by higher importance of education and training, the decline of "life-long work", and family instability.
41. Transition from one financing method such as taxation to another such as private insurance does not solve the problems.
42. The right answer to the question of the best financing method is the one best suited to the aim of such social policy:
- the fairest: contributions commensurate with income
- the most effective in terms of economic impact
- the most effective in terms of use of public resources.
43. Available instruments for achieving these goals:
i. General taxation system financing universal services, which most readily achieves the aim of justice and ensures the fairest distribution, but has the disadvantage of impersonality or of benefiting persons not in need. It is possible to contemplate restricting this type of financing through direct taxation to persons unable to pay for their own social protection, at the risk of encouraging the beneficiaries to fall into the "unemployment trap".
ii. General taxation system financing services according to income. If some high income earners do not benefit, public support is liable to wane and opposition to taxpaying may spring up.
iii. Use of social security systems with special-purpose taxation. Certain activities such as smoking and drinking may be taxed, but the persons indulging in them are often the lowest income earners. The advantage of this arrangement is its transparency, but those in a position of weakness on the market are liable to exclusion.
iv. Cost recovery system: those in greatest need of the system pay the most.
v. Private contribution system: no doubt the most problematic since the poor will lack any coverage if unable to pay.
44. There is no miracle solution; the choice of the financing instrument depends how the needs of the groups requiring it can best be met.
V. Other integration factors essential to social policy
45. While labour is and must remain an important factor of socialisation, it is not the only one; other contexts of socialisation exist and have gained in importance, such as education and training, while certain others such as the family have declined.
46. A social policy cannot disregard these other socialisation factors.
A. Role of education and training
47. School occupies a larger and larger place in socialisation; both the general standard and the duration of schooling are observed to be rising. The most significant tendency is democratisation of education.
48. However, while education is a requirement for obtaining employment, there is the evident paradox that the unemployment rate increases at the same time as the school attendance level. It is scarcely disputed that the higher the education and training standard, the greater the adaptability and ease of job-finding. School undeniably performs a major function of integration. The situation of migrants bears this out: the immigrant population was economically integrated during the thirty years of post-war growth when they were needed to fill the jobs, but culturally excluded. The reverse now applies. Immigrants are culturally integrated but economically excluded.
49. Another feature is alternation of work and training, bound to develop further if indeed life-long employment becomes less and less the norm. A high education standard is also necessary to fit people for the "multiple job-holding" whose advent is foreshadowed.
50. There remains the question how far education must be matched to the needs of the economy. Education to a high level, supplemented by "alternating" training, appears a better solution than education dependent on the economy.
Education is not to be supplanted by training.
B. The family
51. Although, the family is the primary force for socialisation, unlike education and training it is becoming less and less of a locus of integration.
52. The number of single-parent families with a female head has grown considerably, and reconstituted families likewise.
53. Women's position is very significantly affected by the problem of unemployment and poverty. As has been observed, the greater part of unreckoned work is performed by women; they are the hardest hit by poverty and their unemployment rate is far higher than the male rate.
54. These facts raise the problem of welfare benefits for women without paid employment. How are they to be covered in circumstances of vulnerability, and in particular how are pensions to be financed?
55. Nonetheless, the female work force should not just be regarded as a specific social problem.
56. Rather, it is a societal problem for which solutions must be provided by social policy. The question of working hours adjustment is an important aspect. There are other aspects, and more generally, any measures which make it possible to achieve equality between women and men, be it in the workplace, in education or in the sharing of family responsibilities through the introduction of parental leave for fathers, need to be tried out.
VI. Urban violence
57. The "ghetto" problem is both the result and the cause of the social exclusion of the populations in question. Young people in such areas (because we are mainly talking about the young, particularly boys) are often marginalised and live in a highly degraded environment; they have no sense of belonging to a community and no hope of escaping their isolation. This explains the crime rate and the feeling of insecurity prevailing in neighbouring areas.
58. The "Association europ�enne de r�gies de quartiers" was set up in response to this problem. With 152 "r�gies de quartier" ("neighbourhood management units"), 108 in France, 32 in Belgium, 8 in the Netherlands and 4 in Italy, it operates in predominantly urban areas. The aims of the "r�gies" are to:
- restore the quality of life in the neighbourhood
- restore social cohesion in the neighbourhood
- develop services in the neighbourhood in order to reintegrate it into the urban community and make it a "normal" urban neighbourhood.
59. The originality of these "r�gies de quartier" is that they operate as voluntary associations, as independent enterprises exclusively employing residents of the neighbourhood and working within the neighbourhood.
60. This experiment, which is still fairly new, having only started in 1985, has achieved positive results and is to be extended to other European countries.
VII. Proposed solutions to the above problems
A. Regarding employment
61. There is a general consensus on the problem:
62. The nature of work has changed. However, it has retained its status as one of the factors for social integration, and therefore everyone must be given the opportunity to secure employment. Several approaches have been suggested, all of which are worth using:
- pluralism of activities instead of work characterised by unity of place and time founded on hierarchical relations
- sharing of employment, as it is no longer the sole form of social integration
- reduction of working time
- reorganisation of working hours
- alternation of employment with training
- enhancement of the role of education and training
- conduct of proactive employment policies
- development of new job pools
B. Regarding financing
- tax the profits of speculation
- replace GDP by the human development index (HDI) comprising income, life expectancy, nutrition, health care, education, etc
- use taxation
- rethink the redistributive effects of budgets
- capitalise certain types of work without capital value at present
- redistribute income
- use direct taxation for those unable to afford self-financing
- tax certain activities
- take into account the unremunerated work performed by women
- float a major European loan to finance important European projects
C. Regarding inter-state relations
- rethink international co-operation
- tax the earnings of countries not upholding social rights and reallocate the proceeds
- include social clauses in international agreements
- arrange a European social relations summit
- establish solidarity inside and outside Europe (interdependence of standards between the ILO, the EU and the Council of Europe).
Conclusions
63. The choice of measures to be applied depends on the type of society we want to build. To echo the report by the "Committee of Wise Men", if Europe rejects aggravation of inequalities and social exclusion at the same time as the generalisation of policies for passive assistance to excluded persons, it must make a substantial effort of innovation, organisation and mobilisation to create a pattern of development in which each individual has a due place.
A n n e x
Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee
A New Social Policy
Programme for the hearing held in Paris on 5 and 6 March 1996
[55, ave. Kl�ber, Paris 16�me]
Tuesday 5 March
9h30 - 10h05 Meeting of the Committee
10h15 Introduction by the Rapporteurs, the Earl of Dundee (United Kingdom, EDG) and Mr Hegyi (Hungary, SOC)
What is covered under "social policy"
Chairman: Mr Terry Davis Chairman of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Development of the Parliamentary Assembly
1. Work and employment
10h30 - 11h30 (a) Economic mutation and the role of work
Speakers: Mr Bernard Perret Economist, author of "L'avenir du travail"
Lord Grenfell Consultant to the World Bank European Office, Paris
11h45 - 12h45 (b) Can the GNP be a criterion for a social policy ?
Speaker: Mr Jean Fabre United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Tuesday 5 March (continued)
Chairman: Mr Alfred Gusenbauer Chairman of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee
14h45 - 15h45 (c) Social policy and global competition
Speakers: Mr Jean Lapeyre European Trade Union Confederation
Ms Isabelle Grunberg (UNDP), economist
16h - 17h (d) Financial basis of social policy (social insurances, taxes, pension funds, how to target transfers)
Speaker: Mr John Hills London School of Economics, Professor
Wednesday 6 March
Chairman: Mr Alfred Gusenbauer Chairman of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee
2. Other places of social integration
9h30 - 10h15 (a) The family
- the situation of women
- the situation of the old
Speaker: Ms L�ra J�liusd�ttir Advocate, Former Chairperson of the Women's Rights Organisation
10h30 - 11h15 (b) Education and training
Speaker: Mr Mateo Alaluf President of the Institute of Labour, Brussels
Wednesday, 6 March (continued)
3. Segregation and violence in the city
11h15 - noon (a) The problem of the "ghettos"
Speaker: Mr Nick Tilley Professor, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
noon - 12h45 (b) The role of associations
An example of social insertion: the European Association of r�gies de quartiers
Speaker: Mr Michel Flament
Conclusions
Reporting committee: Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee
Budgetary implications for the Assembly: None
Reference to committee: Doc. 7375 and Reference No. 2030 of 25 September 1995
Draft recommendation adopted by the committee on 23 September 1996 32 votes to 0 and 1 abstention.
Members of the committee: Mr Gusenbauer (Chairman), Mr Rathbone (Vice-Chairman) (Alternate: Lord Dundee), Mr About, Mrs Albrink, Mrs Andnor, Mr Arnau, Mrs Aytaman, Mr Banks, Mrs Belohorska, Sir Bowden, MM Bugli, Buzatu, Carvalho Martins, Christodoulides, Chyzh (Alternate: Stepanov), Dees, Deguara (Alternate: Farrugia), Din�er, Dionisi, Djerov, Mrs Fleetwood, Mrs Gatterer, Mr Geoffroy, Mrs Golemi, MM Gross, Haack, Hegyi, Mrs Hoegh, MM Horn, Jacquat, Jonsson, Keller, Kollwelter, Kotlar, Koucky, Mrs Kusnere, MM Leitner, Mrs Luhtanen, MM Maginas, Malachowski, Marmazov, Mrs Maximus, MM Mazzone, Melnikov, Mozetic, Nestor, Mrs Van Nieuwenhoven, MM Niza, Pattison, Paunescu, Mrs Poptodorova, Mrs Pulgar, MM Raska, Raskinis, Scaglioso, Sharapov, Valkeniers (Alternate: Weyts, Vice-Chairman), Mrs Vermot-Mangold, MM Volodin (Alternate: Mrs Oleinik), Vrettos, Wielowieyski
N.B. The names of those members present at the meeting are printed in italics.
Secretaries to the committee: Ms Coin and Ms Meunier
[1]. by the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee.