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7 February 1994
Doc. 7020
1403-3/2/94-1-E
REPORT
on the use of primary and recycled fibre
in the European paper industry
(Rapporteur: Mr TIURI,
Finland, European Democratic Group)
Summary
Paper and board products have many important uses in society in such fields as communication of information, health care, consumer goods storage and transportation, etc. Fast growth of consumption has caused problems due to large amounts of waste paper. Recycling as well as the environmental impacts of paper and board production have become important concerns.
In Europe the Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) are the main exporters of paper and board. Their products are manufactured mainly from primary fibre because in spite of high collection rates there is little waste paper available due to large export in comparison to domestic use. In European Union countries great amounts of waste paper can be collected and re-used in production.
Wood, the raw material of paper and board, is a renewable resource when forests are used sustainably as they are in the Nordic countries. Hence, there is no basic need for trying to save primary fibre. On the contrary, the sustainable use of forests helps to reduce climate change by fixing atmospheric carbon in forest products. Non-used forests become old, stop growing and do not absorb carbon dioxide any more.
It is important to achieve an optimum balance in the use of primary and recycled fibre in paper and board production in Europe. This includes the use of low grade waste paper as biofuel. The optimum will be dependent on the country and on local circumstances.
I. Draft resolution
1. The Parliamentary Assembly notes that due to growing consumption of paper and board products the management of waste paper has become a problem which must be solved in co-operation between all European countries.
2. The Assembly further notes that:
i. solving the problem requires that an optimum balance is found between uses of waste paper as a source of recycled fibre and as a renewable biofuel. Solutions differ according to the country and must take into account the European situation as a whole;
ii. in the Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) the paper and board industry is highly developed due to large forest areas and to the favourable characteristics of fibres of Nordic trees. The export greatly exceeds domestic use and hence there is little waste paper available for recycling as compared to production. The optimum solution is to use a relatively large percentage of primary fibre in their production;
iii. in most other member countries plenty of recycled fibre can be made available due to large imports of paper and board and comparatively low production of primary fibre. Hence it is advantageous to use relatively more recycled pulp in their production.
3. In the search for optimum balance between recycled and primary fibre the following technical, economic, and environmental aspects must be taken into account:
i. modern manufacturing of primary chemical fibre is self-sufficient in energy and actually generates some extra energy because of waste lignin from the process being used as a renewable biofuel. The production of primary mechanical fibres causes less waste water problems than the production of deinked recycled fibres;
ii. due to progress in technology it is possible to use increasing amounts of recycled fibre in different paper and board grades. However, because of the fact that fibre can be re-used three to five times only before it detoriates, sustainably-managed forests remain the source of all primary and recycled fibres;
iii. economically it is not advisable to try to reach a technically maximal use of recycled fibre. It is advantageous to use low grade waste paper as a renewable biofuel;
iv. recycling can cause certain environmental problems due to waste water and large amounts of wet sludge. If wet sludge cannot be landfilled, it must be incinerated which requires fossil fuels;
v. environmentally it is advantageous that a relatively large proportion of Nordic forests be in productive use. This reduces climate change by fixing carbon from the atmosphere in forest products. Maintained forests absorb carbon dioxide effectively. Natural old forests do not engage in net absorption of carbon dioxide, but they are important for securing the biodiversity of forest ecosystems.
4. In the light of the above-mentioned, the Assembly calls on member states to implement the following policy responses:
i. carry out a specific life-cycle study of paper and board industry in each country;
ii. set national targets for the recovery of waste paper;
iii. organise waste paper collection in such a way that high quality waste paper and low grade waste paper are separated;
iv. avoid setting targets for the amount of recycled fibres in individual paper grades, because market forces are the most effective way of keeping paper out of the waste stream;
v. beware of unreasonable taxes on primary fibre paper products, which might upset the optimal balance between the use of primary and recycled fibre, and which would also lead to increased use of substitutes made from non-renewable material with negative environmental consequences;
vi. promote research and development of environmentally friendly methods of deinking and other means of producing recycled fibres as well as of incineration and energy recovery of renewable biofuels, especially waste paper;
vii. promote the use of low grade waste paper as renewable bioenergy in order to reach an environmentally minimum impact on the whole life cycle of wood fibres;
viii. consider sustainably managed forests as carbon dioxide sinks, crucially important in the fight against climate change;
ix. take care that sufficiently large forest areas are protected in each country and in each region for securing the biodiversity of forest ecosystems.
II. Explanatory memorandum
by Mr TIURI
Contents
A. Introduction 5
B. European paper and board industry 5
C. The use of primary and recycled fibre 6
D. Manufacturing of wood pulp and its environmental effects 7
E. Forests as carbon dioxide sinks, sustainable forestry 8
F. Recycled paper as renewable biofuel 9
G. Optimised balance between primary fibre and recycled fibre 10
A. Introduction
1. Paper and board products serve many basic needs of modern society. Newspapers, magazines and books support information communication and storage. Tissue papers help in taking care of health and wellbeing. Paper and board packaging products are necessary for safe and effective storage and transportation of consumer goods.
2. Large demand of paper and board products has made the paper and board industry one of the main industries of the world. Production methods of the industry have been continuously developed for achieving better economy and lesser environmental impact.
Lately recycling of paper and board has become a decisive concern due to several reasons.
3. The paper and board industry has used recycled fibre along with primary fibre throughout its history. The driving force for recycling paper has traditionally been economics. The use of waste paper has enabled mills and countries without abundant forest resources to compete effectively with producers using virgin fibre. Today one of the main factors in favour of recycling is the problem of disposal of solid waste. Another factor is the worry about the environment and especially climate change due to increased use of fossil energy.
4. There is a quickly growing shortage of landfilling sites in the densely populated areas. And the situation is constantly made worse because household waste is mainly (60%) disposed of by dumping. Paper and board waste makes approximately 35% to 40% of total household waste volume. Recycling of paper is one way to reduce dumping.
5. Measures have already been taken in order to increase the reuse of waste paper. Voluntary agreements exist now, for instance, on the recycled fibre content of different paper grades. Collection targets for waste papers for example for newspapers, magazines and office papers have also been set by many countries.
6. However, contrary to general belief, recycling is also likely to cause certain problems particularly if exercised too intensively. Increased amounts of reject and deinking sludge causes environmental concerns. Transportation and handling costs of waste paper can exceed savings.
7. Substantial decreases in the use of primary fibre also causes problems in the care of Nordic forests, and thus in the forest industry product based circulation of carbon dioxide which is important in terms of the green house effect. With decreased use of wood the forests absorb less carbon dioxide and in decay and due to forest fires they release it into the atmosphere without producing useful products and energy for mankind. Renewable natural resources are lost.
B. European paper and board industry
8. In Europe the paper and board production sites are geographically separated from consumption sites. Nordic countries (here Finland, Norway and Sweden) are major producers but only minor consumers of paper and board products. Their paper and board industry is highly developed due to large forest areas and to the favourable characteristics of fibres in Nordic trees.
9. The production-consumption balance in western Europe (here European Union countries, Austria and Switzerland) is, in turn, strongly negative (see table 1 and figure 1). Western European countries have been importing great quantities of newsprint as well as printing and writing papers during the last decades and the net imports are expected to grow in the near future.
10. In 1991 the production of paper and board in the Nordic countries was 19 million tonnes and the consumption four million tonnes. In western Europe the production was 42 million tonnes and the consumption 55 million tonnes. Nordic countries had a 15 million-tonne positive trade balance (export minus import) while western Europe had an over 12 million-tonne negative trade balance. The major part of Nordic production is directed towards European Union and EFTA countries which stabilises the overall balance in Europe.
11. There is also trade in wood pulp, the raw material of paper and board. However, wood pulp is mostly used locally in paper and board production. The total production of wood pulp in Europe in 1991 was 36 million tonnes (of which Nordic countries produced 29 million tonnes) but exports were only 8 million tonnes (the biggest exporters being Sweden, Finland and Portugal).
C. Use of primary and recycled fibre
12. One of the fundamental reasons for use of recycled fibre is that it is an inexpensive and readily available local source of raw material. The waste paper recovery rates in the western European and Nordic countries are relatively high (see table 2). The share of primary fibre used in paper making has declined notably during the last couple of decades (see table 3).
13. The share of recycled fibre in the paper and board production is lowest (10%) in the Nordic countries. The major part of their production goes to Europe and there are no great quantities of waste paper available irrespective of high recovery rates. In Western Europe the share of recycled fibre is over 50%. In 1991 the total world consumption of fibre was 250 million tonnes of which over one third (90 million tonnes) was recycled fibre.
14. The success of recycling has resulted a significant world trade in waste paper. Approximately 13 million tonnes or almost 15% of world consumption of waste paper is traded internationally. The trade between western European countries accounts for one third of the business.
15. The trend of decreasing use of primary fibre is likely to continue until an optimal balance between primary and recycled fibre is found. It is expected that the share of recycled fibre in papermaking will reach globally 40% to 50% in this decade.
16. Thanks to the advanced technology in processing, converting and deinking, today it is possible to use increasing amounts of recycled paper in different paper and board grades (see table 4). The recycled fibre content is on the highest level, about 80%, in liner and fluting (the components of corrugated boxes). In cartonboard and tissues it is one half. In printing and writing papers the recycled fibre content is quite low and lowers the total utilisation rate because the production volumes are large.
D. Manufacturing of wood pulp and its environmental effects
17. There are in effect three main types of wood pulp, the raw material of paper and board. They are chemical pulp, mechanical pulp and recycled paper pulp. Over 100 million tonnes of pulp used in the world is chemical pulp, 40 million tonnes mechanical pulp and 90 million tonnes recycled paper pulp. The manufacture of pulp has different environmental impacts depending of the pulp type (see fig. 2).
18. In the case of chemical pulp the fibres are freed from the wood by cooking chemicals. The fibre yield is about half the mass of the original wood. The other half, containing mainly lignin, remains in the cooking chemicals. In modern pulp mills the waste liquor is burnt to give heat energy. This energy is sufficient for the pulping. One may say that in a chemical pulp mill half the wood is turned into pulp and the other half into energy.
19. A modern chemical pulp mill is thus self-sufficient in energy and indeed produces a certain excess of electrical power. A typical modern pulp mill produces 500 000 tonnes of pulp yearly and in addition has an electrical power output of some 20 megawatts or an electrical energy output of 0,3 MWh per tonne of pulp. The energy used and generated in the production of pulp is renewable bioenergy which does not therefore make a net contribution to carbon dioxide emissions. The maintained forest which grows in the place of removed trees absorbs carbon dioxide in new wood.
20. In the manufacture of chemical pulp the pollution problems are in waste liquor chemicals and in sulphur, nitrogen and particle emissions in the combustion of waste liquor. As far as waste waters are concerned, the aim nowadays is towards a closed circuit mill so that emissions are no longer released to waterways. In burning there is a move to gas-phase combustion which eliminates sulphur and particle emissions and makes possible to increase the output of excess electrical energy.
21. Mechanical pulp is made by refining (thermomechanical pulping — TMP, common in Nordic countries) and grinding (pressurised grinding — PGW, common in other countries). Mechanical pulping requires electrical energy 1 to 3 MWh per tonne of pulp depending on the raw material and process. On the other hand the pulp yield is nearly 100%, or twice the yield of chemical pulp. There are minimum waste water problems and emissions occur only in the generation of the necessary electrical power. If this is hydro and nuclear power as in the Nordic countries, no contributions to acid rain or greenhouse-gases are made.
22. Mechanical pulp is an inexpensive raw material for newsprint and other wood-containing printing papers (see table 5). It is more opaque than chemical pulp, which means that less pulp is required compared to the case where newsprint is made from chemical pulp. Its strength properties are lower than those of chemical pulp, which means that in many paper grades chemical pulp has to be added. The brightness stability of mechanical pulp is also inferior to chemical pulp.
23. Recycled paper is a relatively cheap source of pulp. In order to produce recycled pulp the waste paper must be collected and transported to the mill. This consumes fossil energy the amount of which is dependent of the transportation distance. Next step in most cases is deinking in which several chemicals are needed. They can produce pollution problems in waste waters. About 20% to 30% of the deinked recycled waste paper turns out as a dry sludge which must be dumped.
24. Recycling causes slow deterioration of fibres. After several cycles fibres are not any more intact and finish as a sludge. Depending on recycling conditions and the grade of paper fibres can be recycled three to five times. Recent studies suggest that mechanical pulp fibres stand recycling better than chemical pulp fibres.
E. Forests as carbon dioxide sinks: sustainable forestry
25. The manufacture and recycling of paper has a direct effect on forest use. The forests play a major role in the carbon dioxide cycle and as controllers of climate change. In the Nordic countries forestry has long been based on sustainable development. When timber is felled, steps are taken to ensure that new forest grows in its place.
26. Maintained forests in the Nordic countries are mainly in private ownership. In Finland, 65% of forest is family owned, and in Sweden 50%. Pulp and paper industries own 8% of Finnish and 25% of Swedish forests. Protected land areas not in economic use account for 10% in Finland and 14% in Sweden.
27. Biodiversity is nowadays an important factor when considering the use of Nordic forests. Both protected natural forests and maintained forests both contribute to the biodiversity. Depending of soil type maintained forests include several natural species of trees and bushes. The average harvesting area in Nordic maintained forests is two hectares. Seed bearer trees and some old trees are not felled. When necessary new saplings are planted.
28. The forest's ability to absorb carbon dioxide depends on its age and maintenance. Nordic natural forest absorbs carbon dioxide in increasing amounts while growing to full height (see fig. 3a). Thereafter the decay of the wood causes the absorbtion rate to decrease and finally if there is no forest fire, natural forest will be a slight producer of carbon dioxide. Forest fires caused by lightning strikes release the carbon dioxide suddenly to the atmosphere, and forest growth begins anew. In other words, taken in the long term, natural forest has no net effect on the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere.
29. Maintained forest binds carbon dioxide to the same extent as natural forest in its first growth stage, but after thinning the take-up accelerates as trunk growth is promoted (see fig. 3b). Final harvesting returns the forest to its starting point.
30. Concern for forest maintenance has led in Nordic countries to a situation where yearly growth considerably exceeds commercial extraction. Annual trunk growth in Finland is 80 million cubic metres, while industrial and other use amounts to only 50 million cubic metres. In Sweden the corresponding figures are 100 and 70 million cubic metres.
31. As long as these forests are still in the growing phase they behave as a carbon dioxide sink which exceeds the emission sources of carbon dioxide in Nordic countries (see fig. 4). In most other European countries forests presently also act as carbon dioxide sinks, which however, are negligible in comparison to emission sources.
32. Maintained forests reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide continuously because wood harvested from them is locked up as construction timber or as paper for example in books and archives. Wood from maintained forests is also used in the production of renewable bioenergy, as in direct wood combustion, in chemical pulp production or in waste paper incineration.
33. As old forests do not absorb carbon dioxide, sustainable development and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere require that a relatively large proportion of Nordic forests be in productive use, with the carbon dioxide held in timber and wood products or wood and wood products used as renewable bioenergy.
F. Recycled paper as renewable biofuel
34. In order to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of energy production it is advantageous to replace fossil fuels with renewable biofuels. Waste paper is in certain circumstances a cheap renewable biofuel which is in plentiful supply. Especially in Central Europe in future there will be large amounts of low quality waste paper which is less suitable for recycling.
35. Energy recovery through incineration of waste paper has been analysed from different points of view. In some European countries the general attitude is slowly turning in favour of incineration. According to this opinion it is an alternative and necessary complement to recycling. It represents another way of saving resources and damping climate change by replacing fossil fuels.
36. The use of waste paper as an energy resource means a reduced volume of waste stream. However, because fibre can be reused only three to five times all paper will get out of the recycling loop one day. The low quality fraction of waste paper is the most potential biofuel, since recycling does not diminish the fuel value of fibre. In incineration the volume of waste is reduced by at least 80% to 90%. Incineration is thus an effective way of dealing with the problem of growing mountains of waste.
37. Different paper and board grades are similar in one respect. They all have high heat values (see table 6) For example 1,5 tonnes of old newspapers equals one tonne of coal and 1,5 to 2,8 tonnes of carton equals one ton of oil. The total yearly amount of recycled fibre in the world, 90 million tonnes has energy equal to some 40 million tonnes of coal and would be enough for 40 of 500 MW power plants.
38. Incineration is, in many cases the only realistic alternative to cope with present huge amounts of waste paper. Especially in regions where over 200 000 tonnes of waste paper is available every year the energy recovery is an attractive way to deal with it. Transporting low-grade waste paper long distances for the production of paper or board is not a sustainable and economically reasonable solution.
39. The main disadvantages and criticism of incineration are related to its emissions. Discussions of dioxins, for instance, have been intensive in the last years and the resistance against incineration is still quite strong. However, modern incineration technology, which has developed tremendously during the last decades, allows the recovery of thermal energy of waste paper without harmful effects to the neighbourhood.
40. Special attention must be paid to dioxins and furanes. Particle and metal emissions, trace organics, acid gases and residues must be controlled. The comparison shows that emissions of waste paper incineration are lower or on a level with alternative fossil fuels (see table 7). The most important advantage is the low value of carbon dioxide emissions.
41. It is evident that energy use of waste paper offers a more inexpensive way to dispose of waste paper than dumping it to landfills. Communities can in reality save a lot and avoid carbon dioxide emissions by burning waste paper and recovering the energy, instead of burning fossil fuels.
G. Optimised balance between primary fibre and recycled fibre
42. When considering the total optimising of primary and recycled fibre, environmental, economic and technical aspects must be taken into account at the same time.
43. The establishment of an optimal balance between primary and recycled fibre is vital as far as the well-being of Nordic forests is concerned. It is possible that a further increase in the recycling rate can lead to decay of trees in large forest areas resulting in raw material of lower quality and increased global warming.
44. The economic point is composed of issues like availability and price of raw material, location of paper mill and deinking facility, relative prices of waste paper, wood, pulp and energy, different investment costs and overall optimising in a country or on a company level.
45. Taxes on primary fibre paper products, under consideration in some countries, can distort the optimal balance and push consumption in favour of substitutes such as plastic made of non-renewable raw material. Recycled fibre is generally cheaper than primary fibre if effective collection of waste paper has been organised. On the other hand, too extensive use of recycled fibre causes environmental problems, as explained above.
46. As far as technology is concerned, the limits are receding and today recycled fibre is used in many grades where it was impossible only few years ago. The main application of recycled fibre has been for board products without a deinking process. Presently two-thirds of recycled fibre in Europe is used in board production. However, as technology advances, recycled fibre will be used to a greater extent also in other paper and board grades.
47. In order to reach the optimal balance between primary and recycled fibre, a contribution from each sector of society is needed. Households and offices are expected to sort different paper and board grades more precisely so that the best qualities of waste paper can be directed back towards paper industry for re-use and the rest can be used as biofuel.
48. The pulp and paper industry should continuously develop deinking, processing and converting techniques. As a result of this development, the process should be more environmentally friendly and suitable for increased use of recycled fibre to a certain level. Pulp, paper and board mills should also continue to strive for a decrease in the utilisation of any harmful additives in their production.
49. Authorities are expected to create economic and other pre-requisites for households and companies to carry out these measures as well as make sure that extensive research is carried out in the issue. In addition to these factors, international relations and co-operation will have an important and increasing role in finding the optimal global solution.
50. A scheme of optimal balance between primary fibre and recycled fibre is presented in figure 5. It shows the main flows of material in papermaking. Exact numbers or percentages are not presented because they have to be evaluated individually, depending on the prevailing conditions, and adapted to the local circumstances. It seems evident that the final balance between the use of primary and recycled fibre can be reached if economically and ecologically a reasonable proportion of waste paper is used as biofuel for energy generation.
Table 1. Production, consumption and trade balance of paper and board in Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) and western Europe (excluding Nordic) in 1990 (million tonnes)
|
Production |
Consumption |
Net trade | |
|
Nordic Western Europe Total |
19,2 42,4 61,6 |
3,9 54,8 58,7 |
15,3 -12,4 2,9 |
Figure 1. Flows of paper and board and wood pulp between Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) and western Europe (European Union, Austria and Switzerland).
Table 2. Recovery of waste paper in some European countries
Austria 57%
Netherlands 51%
Germany 49%
Switzerland 47%
Sweden 46%
Finland 45%
Portugal 39%
Spain 37%
Italy 28%
Greece 26%
Table 3. Consumption of total papermaking fibre in million tonnes and share of recycled fibre in percentage in 1980 and in 1991
|
1980 |
1991 | |||
|
Total |
Recycled |
Total |
Recycle | |
|
Nordic Western Europe World total |
13,3 29,9 165,1 |
8% 43% 30% |
17,5 42,5 250,1 |
10% 53% 37% |
Table 4. Waste paper consumption in paper and board industry in western Europe in 1990 (million tonnes)
|
Production |
Waste Paper |
Percentage of waste paper | |
|
Newsprint Printing and writing Tissue Liner\fluting Cartonboard Other paper and board Total |
8,3 22,5 3,5 12,9 7,9 6,5 61,6 |
2,7 1,0 1,6 10,2 4,1 3,2 22,7 |
32% 4% 45% 79% 52% 49% 37% |
Table 5. Classification and composition of some paper grades
|
Trade name |
Classification |
Typical composition |
|
Newsprint SC (supercalendered) LWC (light weight coated) Office paper (A4 copy paper) High quality printing papers Toilet papers, towels, napkins |
Mass communication paper Uncoated magazine paper Coated magazine paper Uncoated woodfree fine paper Coated woodfree fine paper Soft tissue paper |
80-90% mechanical pulp, 5-20% softwood pulp or 0-100% recycled pulp 25% clay, 30-40% softwood chemical pulp, and 60-70% mechanical pulp 33% clay, 33% softwood chemical pulp, 33% mechanical pulp 10-15% clay, 33% softwood chemical pulp, 67% hardwood chemical pulp, starch on surface 30-40% clay, latex and starch, 20% softwood chemical pulp, 40-50% hardwood chemical pulp 30-60% mechanical pulp, 40-70% chemical pulp |
Table 6. Energy contents of coal, oil, wood and waste papers, Megajoule/kg
Coal 25
Oil 40
Wood 10
Mixed paper 11,5 - 15,0
Old newspapers 15,0 - 18,5
Magazines 11,0 - 12,5
Boards 14,5 - 16,5
Corrugated boxes 14,5 - 16,5
Milk cartons 20,0 - 26,5
Table 7. Emissions of domestic waste, heavy oil, coal, gas and paper. Calculated on a heat consumption for a normal residential apartment (kg/year) (1991)
|
Domestic waste |
Oil |
Coal |
Gas |
Paper | |
|
Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides Particles Heavy metals Carbon dioxide |
3-5 5-10 0,1 0,001 2000 |
14 10-15 1 0,1 5700 |
6 5 0,1 0,001 6700 |
0,01 2 - - 3600 |
3 7 0,1-1 0,001 100 |
Figure 2. Principles of chemical, mechanical and deinked recycled pulp production. A modern chemical pulp mill is self-sufficient in energy. A mechanical pulp mill has a yield twice as high as the chemical mill. A recycled pulp mill produces sludge which must be landfilled.
Figure 3. Carbon dioxide absorption rates of a natural forest and a maintained forest in south Finland. Natural forest has no effect in carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. Forest fire releases carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere every 50 to 200 years. Maintained forest absorbs carbon dioxide faster and acts as a carbon dioxide sink (due to preservation of wood products) and as a source of renewable biofuel.
Figure 4. Carbon dioxide emissions of energy production as compared to net carbon dioxide absorption of forests in some European areas. In all areas the growth of forests presently exceeds their use making forests carbon dioxide sinks. Nordic countries as a whole act as carbon dioxide sinks, but in all other areas emissions overwhelm the absorption of forests. The sinks will slowly shrink when the forests grow older.(Finnish Forest Research Institute.)
Figure 5. Balance between primary fibre, recycled fibre and waste paper as biofuel.
Reporting committee: Committee on Science and Technology.
Budgetary implications for the Assembly: none.
Reference: Doc. 6777 and Reference No. 1857 of 26 March 1993.
Draft resolution unanimously adopted by the committee on 27 January 1994.
Members of the committee: MM. Rosetá (Chairman), Mészáros, Mrs Terborg (Vice-Chairpersons), Mr Alemyr, Mrs Arnold, MM. Bartodziej, Bauer, Berger, Birraux, Borderas, Bosco, Mrs Brenden (Alternate: Mr Lie), MM. Bugli, Fulvio Caccia, Paolo Caccia, Cunliffe, De Decker, Dees, Dumont, Galley, Golu (Alternate: Leonte), Hurta, Inönü, Ivanov, Mrs Kaliska, MM. Konecny, Konstandinidis, Leers, Lenzer, López Valdivielso (Alternate: Robles Orosco), Lotz, Luczak, Metelko, Mitchell, Mocioi, Moran, Panov, Pecriaux, Poças Santos, Požéla, Probst, Mrs Ragnarsdóttir, Mr Regenwetter, Mrs Saint Cyr, Stiborova, Sir Donald Thompson, MM. Jack Thompson (Alternate: Lord Newall), Tiuri, Trabacchini, Vrettos, Yürür.
N.B. The names of those members who took part in the vote are printed in italics.
Secretary to the committee: Mr Perin.